RBSE Class 12 Biology Notes Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

These comprehensive RBSE Class 12 Biology Notes Chapter 4 Reproductive Health will give a brief overview of all the concepts.

RBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Notes Reproductive Health

→ Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional behavioural and social.

→ Due to lack of awareness and unsafe sex, various types of sexually transmitted diseases. Such as AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea etc., occur which have adverse effect on the society.

→ Problems related to reproductive health are taboos, early marriage, kid parents, career, teen-age mother, deformities, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate, personal hygiene, health of ladies and population growth.

→ Strategies related to reproductive health in human beings are family planning, general awareness about reproduction, sex education birth control measures and care of mother and child, sexually transmitted disease, population explosion control etc.

→ To develop and establish reproductively health society. Our government has framed implemented various action plan such as maternity and child health and family planning, family planning programme, universal immunisation programme.

→ The tremendous increase in size and growth rate of population is called population explosion.

→ Reasons for high population growth in India are : decline in death rate, slower decline in birth rate, longer life span, advancement in agriculture, lack of education, early marriage, poor cases to contraceptive service etc.

→ Overpopulation creates some socioeconomic and problems such as food problems, pressure on land and natural resources, problems of pollution, sanitation, increase of slums, increase in unemployment, decrease in standard of living, energy crisis etc.

→ Family planning is a programme aimed at limiting the size at the family by spacing the birth of children and prevention of some conceptions.

→ Contraception is a temporary or permanent measure to prevent pregnancy. There are several methods of contraception. These are natural, traditional, barrier, IUDs, oral contraeptives, injectables, implants and surgical methods.

→ Natural contraceptive methods include coitus interruption, safe period, lactational amenorrhoea.

→ Barrier contraceptive methods include the use of condom, fern shield, diaphragm, cervical cap, vault cap etc.

→ Chemical contraceptive methods involve the use of spermicidal creams, jelly, paste, foam tablets, aerosol foam etc.

→ IUDs are made of plastic, metal or a combination of the two which are inserted into the uterus of the female by a doctor. These are called loops, spirals rings, bows, shields and copper Ts.

→ Oral pills are the most common contraceptives used by women. These check ovulation. Pill Mala D and Saheli pill are such contraceptive.

→ Sterilization provides a permanent and sure method of birth control. It is called vasectomy in man and tubectomy in woman.

→ Intentional or voluntry termination of pregnancy before the foetus becomes viable is called Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.

→ Diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are collectively called Sexually Transmitted Diseases. These are AIDS, syphlis, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, etc.

→ Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation.

→ Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) include a number of special techniques which assist infertile couples to solve their infertility problems. These techniques include :

• Test tube baby.
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT).
• Artificial Insemination Technique (AIT).
• Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).

→ Amniocentesis is a technique to determine sex of the developing foetus, genetically controlled congenital diseases and metabolic disorders.

→ Reproductive health : A total well being in all' aspects of reproduction i. e., physical, emotional, behavioural and social.

→ Population Explosion : The tremendous increase in size and growth rate of population is called population explosion.

→ Birth rate : The average number of young ones born in a particular area in a definite period of time is called as human birth.

→ Death rate or Mortality : The death rate of a population is the average number of individuals that die per unit time.

→ Maternal Mortality Rate : The number of women who die of causes relating to childbearing per 100000 live births. 

→ Birth Control : The regulation of conception by preventive measures or devices to limit the number of children is called birth control.

→ Family Planning : A programme aimed at limiting the size of the family by spacing the birth of children and prevention of some conceptions.

→ Contraception : It is a temporary or permanent measure to prevent pregnancy.

→ Contraceptives : Devices that prevent conception or pregnancy without interfering with the reproductive health of the individual.

→ Coitus Interruption : Male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insamination in the females vagina.

→ Lactational Amenorrhoea : Just after parturition, there is absence of menstruation. It is the phase of intense of lactation.

→ Vasectomy : Surgical removal of a part of vas deferens in males.

→ Tubectomy : Surgical removal of a small part of fallopian tubes in female.

→ STDs : Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

→ Infertility : Inability to conceive or produce children inspite of unprotected sexual cohabitation.

→ Test tube baby : This is the technique of in vitro fertilization of an ovum with sperm carried out outside of the body of mother in a glass container.

→ Surrogate Mother : A woman who agrees to become pregnant and give her baby to someone else when the child is born.

→ Amniocentasis : A medical procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fluid is drawn out of the amniotic sac through a needle inserted in the abdomen; the fluid is than analysed to detect genetic and metabolic abnormalities in the foetus.