RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Objective Type Questions 

Question 1. 
Who invented Spinning Jenny ?
(a) Henry Ford 
(b) James Hargreaves 
(c) John key
(d) Arch Wright 
Answer:
(b) James Hargreaves

Question 2. 
The East India Company appointed paid servants to supervise weavers were called-
(a) Agent 
(b) Revenue officer 
(c) Amil
(d) Gomastha 
Answer:
(d) Gomastha

Question 3. 
When was the first cotton mill set up in Bombay ? 
(a) 1804 
(b) 1816
(c) 1854
(d) 1855 
Answer:
(c) 1854

Question 4. 
When was the first jute mill set up in Bengal ?
(a) 1834 
(b) 1865 
(c) 1815
(d) 1855 
Answer:
(d) 1855 

Question 5. 
When did E.T. Paul publish his music book ?
(a) 1887
(b) 1900 
(c) 1907
(d) 1917 
Answer:
(b) 1900

Question 6. 
What term is commonly used to the east of the Mediterranean sea ? 
(a) Orient 
(b) New world 
(c) America 
(d) Others
Answer:
(a) Orient

Question 7. 
What does Aladdin represent in the “Two Magicians' picture ? 
(a) South and the conservatism 
(b) East and the rationalism 
(c) West and modernity
(d) East and the past 
Answer:
(d) East and the past 

Question 8. 
What type of things did upper classes prefer in Victorian Britain ? 
(a) Machine made 
(b) Handmade 
(c) Swadeshi 
(d) Imported 
Answer:
(b) Handmade

Question 9. 
A Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917 was-
(a) Dinshaw Petit 
(b) Jamsetjee Tata 
(c) Seth Hukumchand
(d) Dwarkanath Tagore 
Answer:
(c) Seth Hukumchand

Question 10. 
Where was India's first iron and steel plant set up ? 
(a) At Mumbai 
(b) At Jamsedpur 
(c) At Ahmedabad 
(d) At Bokaro
Answer:
(b) At Jamsedpur

Fill in the Blanks 

1. A person who 'staples' or sorts wool according to its fibre is known as........... 
2. The first symbol of the new era was ...............
3. In Victorian Britan there was no shortage of............. 
4. Industrialists usually employed a ................. to get new recruits. 
5. The image of...........was most commonly used to popularise baby products.
Answer:
1. staples
2. cotton
3. human labour,
4. jobber
5. baby Krishna. 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
When did the earliest factories in England come up ?
Answer:
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s.

Question 2. 
Who patented his steam engine and when ?
Answer:
James Watt patented his steam engine in 1781.

Question 3. 
Mention two products which were produced only with hand labour in mid-nineteenth century in Britain
Answer:

1. Hammers
2. Axes.

Question 4. 
Name two ports of India through which trade was done with foreign countries.
Answer:

1. Surat
2. Hoogly.

Question 5. 
During the colonial rule, which were the two ports of India that decayed and that grew ?
Answer:
During the colonial rule, Surat and Hoogly decayed and Bombay and Calcutta grew.

Question 6. 
By the 1850s, why did the reports from most weaving regions of India narrate the stories of decline and desolation.
Answer:
Because the markets of the country were glutted with Manchester imports.

Question 7. 
Name four early Indian entrepreneurs of the nineteenth century.
Answer:

1. Dwarkanath Tagore
2. Dinshaw Petit
3. Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata
4. Seth Hukum Chand.

Question 8. 
What do you mean by guilds ?
Answer:
Guilds were the association of produces who trained craft person, kept control over productions regulated competition. 

Question 9. 
What do you mean by proto industrialisation ? 
Answer:
Before the establishment of the factories, there was a large scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories.

Question 10. 
What is meant by stapler ?
Answer:
A person who 'staples' or sorts wool according to its fibre is called stapler.

Question 11. 
What do you mean by ‘Fuller' ?
Answer:
A person who ‘fulls' and gathers cloth by pleating, is called fuller.

Question 12. 
What is meant by carding ?
Answer:
The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Question 13. 
Who invented “Spinning Jenny' and when ?
Answer:
James Hargreaves invented ‘Spinning Jenny' in 1764.

Question 14. 
After the 1750s, which Indian ports had grown ? What did it indicate ?
Answer:

• Bombay and Calcutta. 
• It indicates the growth of colonial power.

Question 15. 
Who were ‘gomasthas'?
Answer:
Gomasthas were the paid servant appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

Question 16. 
What was the impact of Indian markets being glutted with Manchester goods on Indian weavers ?
Answer:
Most weaving regions of India faced decline and desolation.

Question 17. 
In 1722, what did the company official Henry Patullo say about Indian textiles ?
Answer:
In 1722, Henry Patullo had said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce since no other nation produced goods of the same quality

Question 18. 
Where did the first cotton mill in India come up and when ?
Answer:
The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854.

Question 19. 
Where did the first and second jute mill come up in India and when ?
Answer:
The first jute mill came up in Bengal in 1855 and the second jute mill came up in 1862.

Question 20. 
Who was jobber? What was his function ?
Answer:
Jobber was a trusted worker of the industrialist. His function was to get new recruits. He got people from his village and ensured them job.

Question 21. 
What do you know about fly shuttle ?
Answer:
Fly shuttle is a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means of ropes and pullies.

Question 22. 
What were the advantages of fly shuttle ?
Answer:
The fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

Question 23. 
In which regions of India handlooms | were fitted with fly shuttles mostly ?
Answer:
In Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal, hadlooms were fitted with fly shuttle mostly.

Question 24. 
Who created the cotton mill ? 
Answer:
Richard Arkwright.

Question 25. 
What were the two problems that cotton weavers faced at the same time ?
Answer:

1. Their export market collapsed
2. The local market shrank.

Question 26. 
What were the two most dynamic industries in Britain ?
Answer:
Cotton and metal industries. 

Question 27. 
Who was James Watt ?
Answer:
James Watt improved the steam engine produced by New comer and patented the new engine in 1787.

Question 28. 
Who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta and when ?
Answer:
Seth Hukum Chand set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.

Question 29. 
What were the advantages of fly shuttles for Indian weavers ?
Answer:
Fly shuttles increased productivity per workers, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.

Question 30. 
What devices were used by the Industrialists to sell their products in India ?
Answer:
The industrialists put labels on the cloth bundles, printed calendars and used images to sell their product.

Question 31. 
What was the impact of the civil war of America on Indian weavers ?
Answer:
Weavers in India were short of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at high prices.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-I)

Question 1. 
What does the 'Dawn of the Custtury' and 'Two Magicians' pictures reveal?
Answer:
These images offer us a triumphant account of the modern world. Within this account the modern world is associated with rapid technological change and innovations, machines and factories, railways and steamships. The history of industrialisation thus becomes simply a story of development, and the modern age appears as a wonderful time of technological progress.

Question 2. 
Why did the poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants of Europe ?
Answer:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Poor peasants had to look for alternative sources of income. When merchants from the towns gave them advances to produce goods for them, peasant household eagerly agreed.

Question 3. 
What do you know about guilds ? What were their functions ?
Answer:
The guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds, the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

Question 4. 
What is proto-industralisation ?
Answer:
Before the establishment of the factories in England and Europe, there was a large-scale industrial production for international market. This was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is called Protoindustrialisation.

Question 5. 
“Written Proto-industrialisation system, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside.” Explain.
Answer:
Merchants were leased in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. The merchant clothier purchased wool from wool stapler and carried it to the spinner. The yarn that was spun was taken to weavers, fullers and dyers. Finishing was done in London. 

Question 6.
What was the main characteristic of the proto-industrial system?
Answer:
The proto-industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by the merchants and the goods were produced by a large number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.

Question 7. 
“The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers.” Explain.
Answer:
As news of possible jobs reached the countryside, hundreds of people came into the cities. Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or night shelters. Some stayed in night refuges set up by private individuals or casual wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

Question 8. 
Throw light on the condition of the workers who worked seasonally in the industries.
Answer:
After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up. But most of them looked for odd jobs living in the cities.

Question 9. 
What do you know about Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy?
Answer:
Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy- Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy was the son of a Parsi weaver. Like many other of his time, he was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced him to sell his ships by the 1850s.

Question 10. 
Who used to be jobbers? Explain their functions.
Answer:
Industrialists usually employed a person to get new recruits, who was called a jobber. The jobber was an old and trusted worker.

Functions of Jobber- He get people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Question 11. 
"In spite of the increased wages there was no improvement in the condition of workers.” Explain.
Answer:
The income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone. The number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers. At the best times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 percent of the urban population was extremely poor.

Question 12. 
“In Victorian Britain the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand.” Explain.
Answer:

• Hand made products came to symbolic refinement and class. 
• They were better finished individually produced and carefully designed. 
• Machine made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question 13. 
Why were the European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products.
Answer:
The European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government. They invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

Question 14. 
Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market?
Answer:
Unable to modernise and compete with the U.S., Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the first world war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies local industrialists captured the home markets.

Question 15. 
Write a short note on fly shuttle.
Answer:
It is a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means of ropes and pullies. It places the horizontal threads into the verticle threads. Its invention made it possible for weavers to operate large loom and weave wide pieces of cloth.

Question 16. 
Discuss the role of advertisement in creating new consumers.
Answer:
Advertisements make products appear ww.sirable and necessary. They try to shape the ni ands of people and create new needs. They have played an imported part in expanding the market for product and in shaping a new consumer culture.

Question 17. 
What was the role of labels in creating markets in India for the clothes of Manchester ?
Answer:
The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company similar to the buyers. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER' written in bold on the label, they were expected to be confident about buying the cloth.

Question 18. 
Why did industrial production in India increase during the first world war ?
Answer:
With British mills busy with war productions to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called up to supply war needs such as jute bags cloth for army uniforms, lents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles etc. Many new factories were set up.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-II)

Question 1. 
Briefly describe the cover-page of 'Dawn of the Century'.
Answer:
In 1900, a popular music publisher E.T. Paull produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century'.

At the centre of the picutre is a goddesslike figure, the angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century. She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time. Her flight is taking her into the future. Floating about, behind her, are the signs of progress; railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. This picture is showing the meaning of future progress.

Question 2. 
What is depicted by the 'Two Magicians' ?
Answer:
The picture appeared on the pages of a trade magazine over a hundred years ago.

It shows two magicians. The one at the top is Aladdin from Orient who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp. The one at the bottom is the modern mechanic, who with his modern tools weaves a new magic : builds bridges, ships, towers and high-rise buildings. Here Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past and the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.

Question 3. 
“A series of invention in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of the each step of the production process.” Elucidate.
Answer:
(1) There were many inventions in the eighteenth century. They increased the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.

(2) Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. This gave birth to future factory system.

(3) Till this time, cloth production spread all over the countryside and was carried out within village households. But now the costly new machines could be purchased, setup and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour and all of which was difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

Question 4. 
Mention any four inventions that created a revolution in the field of textiles.
Answer:

1. Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves invented in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turn on one single wheel, a worker could set in motion a number of spindle and spin several threads at the same time.
2. Fly shuttle: This machine was invented by John Kay in 1733. It is used for weaving moved by means of ropes and pullies. It made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.
3. Spinning Frame: This machine was invented in 1769 by Richard Arkwright. It used to work by water power.
4. Mule: In 1779 Samual Crompton invented this machine. It produced soft thread in large quantity.

Question 5. 
Why did the poor peasants and artisans begin to work for merchants in countryside ?
Answer:
This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Poor peasants who had earlier dependend on common lands for their survival, had to now look for alternative sources of income. Many had small plots of land which could not provide work for all the members of the household. So when merchants came around and gave advances to produce goods for them, peasants' household eagerly agreed. By working for the merchants they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a full use of their family labour resources.

Question 6. 
State any three impacts of the abundance of labour in the market on the life of labour class.
Or
Throw light on the condition of availability of employment sources for the labourers in the early nineteenth century.
Or 
How was the life of the labourers affected in the early nineteenth century.
Answer:
Impacts of the Abundance of Labour on the Life of Labour Class
(1) As news of possible jobs reached the countryside hundreds of workers ran to the cities. The actual possibility of getting jobs depended on the existing networks of friendship and kin relations. If some one had a relative or a friend in a factory, he was more likely to get a job quickly.

(2) Many job seekers had to wait for weeks spending night under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals. Others went to the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities.

(3) After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter. But most looked for old jobs which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to be found.

(4) The income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone but the number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers.

Question 7. 
“By the 1750s, the network of export trade controlled by the Indian merchants, now breaking down." Explain.
Answer:

• By securing many concessions from local courts, and the monopoly rights to trade, the European companies gained power. 
• This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. 
• Now the ports of Bombay and Calcutta grew. Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was carried in ships. 
• Many of the old trading houses collapsed, there that wanted to survive now had to operate within a network shaped by European trading companies.

Question 8. 
How did the textile exports from India begin to decline in the nineteenth century ?
Answer:

• The industrialists of Britain pressurised the British government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could be sold in Britain without facing any competition from outside.
• At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian markets as well.
• Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• The cloth coming from Britain was cheap and beautiful. Indian textiles could not compete with it.
• Indian weavers were not acquiring cotton of good quality.

Question 9. 
Discuss the problems faced by cotton weavers in India.
Answer:

• The export market of the cotton weavers in India had collapsed and the local market shrank.
• The local market were glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
• By the 1850s, reports from most weavinig regions of India, narrated stories of decline and desolation.
• By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality due to the breaking out a civil war in America. They were forced to buy raw cotton at high prices. In this situation, it became very difficult for the weavers to earn their livelihood.

Question 10. 
What were the circumstances that led to the clashes between weavers and gomasthas ?
Answer:
(1) The gomasthas acted arrogantly by marching into villages with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays in supply. They used to beat and flog them.

(2) The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the company. 

(3) In many places in Karnataka and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated. They set up looms in other villages where they had some family relations. At some places weavers alongwith the village traders revolted opposing the company and its officials. Over time, many weavers began refusing loans closing down their workshops and took to agricultural labour.

Question 11. 
How did the inventions in the eighteenth century increase the efficacy of each step of the production process ?
Answer:
(1) The inventions increased the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.
(2) In 1769, Richard Arkwright created a cotton mill. It gave birth to future factory system.

(3) Till this time, cloth production spread all over the countryside and was carried out within village households. But now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful suspervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour all of which was difficult to do when production was in the countryside.'

Question 12. 
How did the first world war encouraged industrial growth in India ?
Answer:
The first world encouraged the industrial development in India. With British mills busy with war productions to meet the need of the army, Manchester import into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. Such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 

New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.

Question 13. 
Who was Jobber ? What were his function ?
Answer:
The Jobber was an old and trusted worker of the industrialist. He was employed by the industrialists to recruit new labourers to work in the factories.

• He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city.
• He provided them with money in times of crisis.

Question 14. 
Discuss the role of the calendars in the sell of products.
Answer:

• Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read.
• These calendars were hung in tea shops and in poor peoples' homes just as much as in offices and in middle class apartments. Those who hung the calendars, had to see the advertisement day after day through the year.
• In these calendars, the figures of gods were being used to sell the new products.
• Like the images of gods, figures of important personages of emperors and nawabs adorned advertisements and calendars. The message was very clear often seemed to say. “If you respect the royal figure, respect these product and use them.”

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
“The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But the number of factories multiplied in the late eighteenth century.” Explain. 
Answer:
Establishment of Factories in England:
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied.

(1) The first symbol of the new era: The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.

(2) New inventions: A series of new inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning and rolling). They increased the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Till this time, cloth production spread all over the countryside and was carried out within village households.

(3) Selling up of new machines: Now the costly new machines could be purchased, setup and maintained in the mill.

(4) Supervision over the production: Now within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

(5) Selling up of new factories: In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an integral part of Britain. The industrialists concentrated their attention on selling up new mills.

Question 2. 
Describe the main characteristics of the process of industrialisation in Europe in the nineteenth century. 
Answer:
Main characteristics of the process of industrialisation in Europe in the nineteenth century were as given below-
(1) Main industries: The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873, Britain was importing iron and steel worth about of 77 million, double the value of its cotton export.

(2) Importance of traditional industries: The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century less than 20 percent of the total work force was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textile as a dynamic sector but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories but outside, within domestic units.

(3) Progress of the traditional industries: Traditional industries were not entirely stagnant. They were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.

(4) Slow progress of technological changes: The progress of the technological changes was slow. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and the industrialists were cautions about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

Question 3. 
Discuss the condition of Indian textiles in the international market in textile before the age of machine industries.
Ans:
Condition of Indian Textiles before the Age of Machines:
(1) Domination of Indian silk and cotton goods in the international market in textiles: Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. India was famous for its finer varieties of cotton.

(2) Export of Indian textiles: Armenian and Persian merchants took the cloth goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. A sea trade operated through the main precolonial ports. Surat, Masulipattam and Hoogly were famous ports used for trade.

(3) Role of Indian merchants and bankers in export trade: Many Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade. They financed production, carried goods and supplied exporters. Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weavery villages and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and brought goods from the supply merchants opening inland.

Question 4. 
Describe the setting up of industries regions of India by early entrepreneurs of India. 
Answer:
Setting up of Industries in India by the early Entrepreneurs: 
From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignment. Having carried through trade, some of these businessmen had vision of developing industrial enterprises in India.

Such prominent industrialists were as given below:
(1) Dwarkanath Tagore: In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.

(2) Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata: Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China and part by from raw cotton shipments to England.

(3) Seth Hukum Chand: Seth Hukum Chand, a Marwari businessman who setup the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China.

(4) Birla family: This work was also done by the father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G. D. Birla.

(5) Others: Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. There were some commercial groups who operated within India. When opportunities of investment in Industries opened up, many of them setup factories.

Question 5. 
Describe the development of factories in India.
Answer:

• In the nineteenth centuries, many factories came into existence in India. The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
• By 1862, four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
• Around the same time, jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being setup in 1855 and another one in 1862.
• In North India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

Question 6.
Describe the main characteristics of industrial growth in India in the late nineteenth century.
Answer:
(1) European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations getting land at cheap rates from the colonial government. They invested in mining, indigo and jute.

(2) When Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century, they avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market. The early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn (thread) rather than fabric. When yard was imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.

(3) In the first decade of the twentieth century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. As the Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests pressurising the government to increase tarrif protection and grant other concessions.

(4) From 1906 moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since products from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton price goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912

(5) During the first world war, Indian mills h a vast home market to supply: Indian factories were called upon to supply was needs. New factories were set up and the old ones ran Multiple shifts.

Question 7. 
“Even after the first world war, small-scale production continued to predominate.” Elucidate.
Or
What were the causes of expansion of al scale industries in India after the first world war ?
Answer:
Predomination of Small-scale Industries in India: While factory industries grew steadily after the first world war, large industries formed only a segment of the economy. Most of them were Located in Bengal and Bombay. Over the rest of the country, small-scale production continued to predominate. Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories 5 percent in 1911 and 10 percent in 1931. The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alloys and by lanes, invisible to the passer-by. 

Causes of the expansion of the small scale industries:
(1) Technological changes: Handicraft people adopt new technology if that helps them mprove production without excessively pushing up costs. So by the second decade of the ventieth century, we find weaver using looms used a 'fly shuttle'. This increased productivity por worker, speeded up production and reduced labdar demand. By 1941, over 35 percent of bandlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles, regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal, the proportion was 70 to 80 percent. There were other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the small sector.

(2) Survive the competition with mill industriesCertain group of weavers were in a botter position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. Many weavers wove finer cloth. The demand for the finer cloth bought by the rich people was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved.

Question 8. 
What methods were adopted by the British and Indian producers to create new consumers ? Write.
Answer:
Use of methods by British and Indian Producer to create new consumers:
(1) Advertisement: The producers gave advertisements through newspapers, magazines and hoardings. Advertisements play an important role shaping a new consumer culture.

(2) Labelling: When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw "Made In Manchester written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth, labels did not only carry words and texts but they also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated.

(3) Calendars: By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea-shops and in poor people's homes just as much as in offices and middleclass apartments. Those who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements day after day through the year. In these calendars the figures of gods were used to sell new products.

(4) Images of important persons: Alongwith the images of gods, figures of important personages of emperors and nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars. The messages very often seemed to say : 'If you respect the royal figure, respect this product' when the product was being used by kings or produced under royal command, its quality could not be exchanged.

When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalists message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, buy product that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalists message of Swadeshi.