RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World

Objective Type Questions 

Question 1. 
The pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world were called as-
(a) Cotton routes 
(b) Honey routes 
(c) Sea routes
(d) Silk routes 
Answer:
(d) Silk routes

Question 2. 
In which of the following continents did the Rinderpest spread ? 
(a) Asia
(b) America 
(c) Africa
(d) Europe 
Answer:
(c) Africa

Question 3. 
Most Indian indentured workers came from the region-
(a) Rajasthan 
(b) Assam
(c) Nagaland 
(d) Bihar 
Answer:
(d) Bihar

Question 4. 
The Great Depression began around- 
(a) 1919
(b) 1929 
(c) 1935
(d) 1933 
Answer:
(b) 1929

Question 5. 
Which country was severely affected by the Great Depression ? 
(a) India
(b) France 
(c) America 
(d) Britain
Answer:
(c) America

Question 6. 
At the end of the eighteenth century, which was the largest centre of world trade ? 
(a) Europe
(b) Asia 
(c)Africa
(d) America. 
Answer:
(a) Europe

Question 7. 
In 1885, which powerful countries of Europe pulled the continent on the map and divided it among themselves ? 
(a) Asia
(b) America 
(c) Africa
(d) Antarctica 
Answer:
(c) Africa

Question 8. 
Who were the contracted labourers migrated from India to abroad? 
(a) Ten workers 
(b) Indentured 
(c) Chaos
(d) Colonial workers 
Answer:
(b) Indentured

Question 9. 
Bretton Woods Agreement was agreed-
(a) In December, 1943 
(b) In January, 1944 
(c) In March, 1944
(d) In July, 1944 
Answer:
(d) In July, 1944

Question 10. 
Which countries are organised in G-77 group? 
(a) Developing 
(b) Developed 
(c) Extremely backward 
(d) Highly developed
Answer:
(a) Developing 

Fill in the Blanks 

1. The................. are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. 
2. Nearly ................... emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century. 
3. .................exports become possible only when arrangements were made to keep the ships cool. 
4. Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as a ................, by many people. 
5. In the year............, depression was at the height.
Answer:
1. silk routes. 
2. 50 million people
3. Meat
4. New system of slavery
5. 1931. 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
In which two power blocks was the first world war fought ?
Answer:
(1) Allies, and (2) Central Powers.

Question 2. 
Name the countries comparising the Allies power block in the first world war.
Answer:
Britain, France, Russia (later joined by the U.S.).

Question 3. 
Which countries were included in the central power block ?
Answer:

• Germany 
• Austria-Hungary
• Bulgaria 
• Ottoman Turkey

Question 4. 
“The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century.” What is meant by this ?
Answer:
This mean that many countries of the world had begun to come closer to each other.

Question 5. 
Which common foods were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago ?
Answer:
Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes etc.

Question 6. 
In which continents did the people of Europe flee by the end of the nineteenth century ?
Answer:
America and Austria continents

Question 7. 
After the first world war, which was the Depression the world had to face ?
Answer:
The Great Depression.

Question 8. 
Where did the European countries organise a conference for the division of Africa and when ?
Answer:
The European countries organised a conference in Berlin in 1855 for the division of Africa.

Question 9. 
Why did Britain want to capture Transwal ?
Answer:
Britain wanted to capture Transwal because gold was found in large quantity in Transwal.

Question 10. 
Mention the names of two articles which were exported to foreign countries.
Answer:

• Raw cotton
• Indigo

Question 11. 
When did the Great Depression begin ? 
Answer:
The Great Depression began in 1929.

Question 12. 
Who were the Axis powers that participated in the second world war ?
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan.

Question 13. 
Name the countries comparising the Allies powers who participated in the second world war.
Answer:
Britain, France, the Soviet Union and | the U.S.

Question 14. 
Name the two great powers of the world emerged after the second world war.
Answer:

1. U.S.A.
2. Soviet Union.

Question 15. 
What were the elements of making of the global world ?
Answer:

• Trade
• Migration of people in search of work
• Movement of capital
• Global exchange of goods.

Question 16. 
What is meant by silk routes ?
Answer:
Before Modern times, the routes by which chinese silk was sent to the western countries are called silk routes.

Question 17. 
In which country of Europe was there a potato famine and when ?
Answer:
During the period from 1845 to 1849 there was a great potato famine in Ireland.

Question 18. 
What were the causes which led the Europeans to America ?
Answer:

• To fetch gold and silver
• To defend from religious atrocities
• To do agriculture work.

Question 19. 
What are three types of movements or within international economic exchanges ?
Answer:

• Flow of trade
• Flow of labour
• Flow of capital.

Question 20. 
What were Corn Laws ?
Answer:
The laws allowing the British government to restrict the import of Corn were known as Corn Laws.

Question 21. 
What do you mean by “Canal colonies'?
Answer:
The semi-desert wastes areasu Punjab after being irrigated by the new car is were called as canal colonies.

Question 22. 
Why were expeditions set off in search of EL Dorado ?
Answer:
Expeditions were set off in search of EL Dorado the fabled city of gold to bring gold from there.

Question 23. 
What was Rinderpest ?
Answer:
Rinderpest was a cattle plague arrived in Africa in 1890s. It was a fast spreading disease.

Question 24. 
What do you mean by Hosay ?
Answer:
In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called “Hosay".

Question 25. 
Where was the “Chutney music" popular ?
Answer:
The 'Chutney music' was popular in Trinidad and Guyana.

Question 26. 
Who were Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars ?
Answer:
Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were famous Indian bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in central and south east Asia.

Question 27. 
Who was the pioneer of mass production in U.S.A. ?
Answer:
Henry Ford.

Question 28. 
What method was adopted by Henry Ford to manufacture cars ?
Answer:
Henry Ford adopted the Assembly live method for manufacturing cars.

Question 29. 
What was the system of “hire purchases" in U.S.A. ?
Answer:
The American used to purchase cars and other things on credit and repaid in weekly or monthly instalments.

Question 30. 
When did the Great Depression begin ?
Answer:
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s.

Question 31. 
What is meant by the Great Depression ?
Answer:
During 1929-30, there was a catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.

Question 32. 
What was the impact of the Great Depression on India ?
Answer:
Due to the Great Depression, India's exports and import nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.

Question 33. 
Which were the two institutions established by the Bretton Woods conference ?
Answer:

1. International Monetary Fund
2. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

Question 34. 
What do you mean by Bretton Woods twins ?
Answer:
The Imfund the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods twins.

Question 35. 
When did the Imfund the world Bank commence its financial operations.
Answer:
In 1947.

Question 36. 
What was the new technology which enabled the transport of perishable food over long distances.
Answer:
Refrigerated ships.

Question 37. 
Why did most of the borders of African countries of run straight ?
Answer:
This was due to the fact that the rival European powers in Africa had drawn up the borders demarcating their respective territories.

Question 38. 
Name the four colonial powers which established their colonies in Africa.
Answer:

• Britain
• France
• Belgium
• Germany

Question 39. 
Who were the indentured labourers ?
Answer:
Indentured labourers were bonded laboures under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time to pay off his passage to a new country.

Question 40. 
Name the four states of India from where the most Indian indentures were taken to Caribbean Islands ?
Answer:

• Eastern Uttar Pradesh
• Bihar
• Central India
• Tamilnadu.

Question 41. 
Where did Indian indentured labourers migrate from India?
Answer:
The Indian indentured labourers migrated to the Caribbean Islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji.

Question 42. 
Who was Henry Ford ?
Answer:
Henry Ford was the pioneer of mass production and car manufacturer of U.S.A.

Question 43. 
What is meant by “G-77' ?
Answer:
'G-77' was a group of 77 developing countries which did not benefit from the fast growth of the western economics experienced in 1950s and 1960s.

Question 44. 
What is meant by NIEO ?
Answer:
By the NIEO, the member of G-77 group, meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources more development assistance and fairer prices for raw material.

Question 45. 
Where was Bretton Woods agreement finalised ?
Answer:
The Bretton Woods agreement was finalised at the United Nations Monetary and

Question 46. 
What were the two crucial influences which shaped post-war reconstruction ?
Answer:

• US's emergance on the dominant economic, political and mutitary power
• Dominance of the Soviet Union.

Question 47. 
Who was V.S. Naipaul ?
Answer:
V.S. Naipaul was the noble prize winner writer whose forefathers migrated as indentured workers.

Question 48. 
What was the main aim of the postwar international economic system ?
Answer:
The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

Question 49. 
Mention two effects of the Great Depression in India.
Answer:

1. Peasants and farmers suffered heavily. 
2. Peasants' indebtedness increased.

Question 50. 
What is Veto (Prohibition) ?
Answer:
Veto (Prohibition) is the right by which even the disagreement of a member becomes the basis for rejecting any motion.

Question 51. 
Define Tariff.
Answer:
Tax imposed on a country's imports from the rest of the world is known as Tariff. 

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-I)

Question 1. 
Which elements have a long history in the process of becoming a globalised world ?
Answer:
Following elements have a long history | in the process of becoming a globalized world

• Flow of trade
• Migration of people in search of employment.
• Movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments.

Question 2.
“Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange”. Explain.
Answer:
Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Arab travellers took pasta to Sicily in the 5th century. Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes etc. came from America into Europe and Asia from America.

Question 3. 
What do you know about the Irish potato famine of Ireland ?
Answer:
There was a great Irish potato famine during 1945 to 1949. Ireland's poor peasants were dependent on potatoes. When a disease destroyed the potato crops in the mid-1940s, hundreds thousands of people died of starvation in Ireland and double the number emigrated in search of work.

Question 4. 
Why did Thousands of people flee from Europe to America in the nineteenth century ?
Answer:

• Poverty and hunger were common in Europe. 
• Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were wide spread. 
• Religious conflicts were common. 
• Religious dissenters were persecuted in Europe.

Question 5. 
“Britain had a 'trade surplus' with India". Explain.
Answer:
Britain had always a trade surplus with India, because the value of British exports to India was much higher than the valued British imports from India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with 5th countries.

Question 6. 
How did the Spanish army conquer America ?
Answer:
In America the Germs of smallpox reached along with the Spanish soldiers. America's original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. So smallpox spread deep into the continent, killed and decimated whole communities, having the way for conquest of America.

Question 7. 
What do you mean by canal colony ?
Answer:
The British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals to transform semidesert wastes into fertile agricultural lands to grow wheat and cotton for export. The areas irrigated by the new canal were called the canal colonies. These areas were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.

Question 8. 
What are the impacts of Rinderpest on Africa ?
Answer:

• In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people's livelihood and the local economy.
• It killed about 90 percent of the cattle of Africa.
• The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihood.

Question 9. 
How did Britain's trade surplus in India help to pay the 'home charges' ?
Answer:
Britain's trade surplus in India helped to pay the so-called home charges’, that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payment on India's external debt and pensions of British officials in India.

Question 10. 
What was the new technology adapted by Henry Ford to increase the production of Car ?
Or 
Why did Henry Ford adapt the Assembly line system?
Answer:
The pioneer of mass production and Car manufacturer of America, Henry Ford adapted the assembly line. The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously, such as fitting a particular part to the Car. As a result cars came off the assembly line at three minutes interval.

Question 11. 
What was the impact of the Great Depression on India ?
Answer:

• India's export and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. 
• Between 1928 and 1934 wheat prices in India fell by 50 cent. 
• Due to the crash in the price of raw jute more than 60 percent, condition of peasants became critical. They fell into heavy debt and it became very difficult to earn their livelihood.

Question 12. 
Why were the Indian indentured labourers forced to migrate to other countries in search of work ?
Answer:

• Decline of cottage industries in India. 
• Increase in land rent. 
• Clearance of land for mines and plantations. 
• Failure of the people to pay their rents. 
• Falling of peasant and farmer into heavy debt.

Question 13. 
The First World War was fought between which two power blocs ? Which countries were included in these blocs ?
Answer:

• First World War was fought between two power blocs-(i) The Allies, (ii) The Central Powers.
• The Allies included Britain, France and Russia and the central powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey.
• The war lasted more than four years. 

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-II)

Question 1. 
“The fall in food prices in Britain increased the flow of capital and labour.” Explain.
Answer:
As food prices fall, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around the world-in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia-lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

People had to settle on the lands to bring them under clutivation. All these activities in turn required capital and labour. The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply-as in America and Australia-led to more migration. Neraly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century.

Question 2. 
“All through history, human societies have became steadily more interlinked.” Explain.
Answer:
All through history, human societies have been steadily more interlinked. It is clear from the following points-

• From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution
• The carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases.
• As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.
• For more than a millennia, cowries (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa.
• The long-distance spread of disease carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century.
• By the thirteenth century it had become an unmistakable link.

Question 3. 
Between which two European power blocks was first world war fought ? How far do you agree with the statement that it was the first modern industrial war ?
Answer:
The First World War:
The First world war (1914-18) was fought between two power blocks. In the one side were the Allies-Britain, France and Russia (later joined by U.S.A); and on the opposite side were the central powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Turkey. 

The First World War was the First Modern Industrial War 

• In this war, machine gun, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapon etc. were used on a massive scale. 
• These were all increasingly products of modern large-scale industry. 
• World's leading industrial nations were participating in it.
• To fight the war, millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world and moved to the front lines on large ships and by trains. 
• The scale of death and destruction was unthinkable before the industrial age without the use of industrial arms.

Question 4. 
Discuss the results of the first world war. 
Answer:
The Results of the First World War

• There was a great loss of man and money. In this war, about 90 lakh people were killed and 2 crore were injured.
• Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age. Their deaths and injuries reduced the ablebodied workforce in Europe.
• With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.
• As men went to battle, women stepped in to undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do.
• The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world's largest economic powers which were now fighting each other to pay for them.
• Britain had to borrow a large sum of money from the U.S.A banks and U.S. People. Hence, America came to be known as international creditor.

Question 5. 
What is Silk Route ? Describe its importance.
Or
Describe the economic and cultural exchanges through the silk routes.
Answer:
Silk Routes:
The name “silk routes point to the importance of west-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified many silk routes over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. Chinese pottery also travelled the same route as did textiles and spices from India and South-east Asia. In return, precious metals-gold and silyer, flowed from Europe to Asia.

Importance of silk-routes-economic and cultural exchange: Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes. 

6. Describe the three types of movement or flows within international economic exchanges. 
Answer:
Three types of Movement or flows within International Economic Exchanges 
(1) Flow of trade: The first is the flow of trade in goods such as cloth or wheat.
(2) Flow of labour: The second is the flow of labour the migration of people in search of employment.
(3) Flow of capital: The third is the flow of capital for short-term or long-term investment over long distances. All three flows were closely interwoven and affected people's lives more deeply now than ever before. It helps us understand the nineteenth century world economy better if we look at the three flows together.

Question 7. 
What were Corn Laws ? Why were these abolished ?
Answer:
Corn Laws:
In the late eighteenth century the population of Britain had increased. Consequently, the demand for foods grain increased in the country. As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain prices.

Under pressure from landed group the British government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were known as the Corn Laws'. Unhappy with high food prices, industrialist and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.

Question 8. 
What was the impact abolition of Corn Laws on Britain ? 
Answer:
Impact of Abolition of Corn Laws on Britain: 
After the abolition of Corn-laws, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women became jobless. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports were in progress. In Russia, America and Australia, lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

Question 9. 
What methods were used by the employers to recruit and retain labour ?
Answer:

• Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines.
• Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land, only the member of family was allowed to inherit land. As a result of this, the others were pushed into the labour market.
• Mine workers were also confined in compound and not allowed to move about freely.

Question 10. 
Discuss the role of Indian Entrepreneurs abroad.
Answer:
The role of Indian entrepreneurs:
(1) Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were famous bankers and traders of India who financed export agriculture in central and South-cast Asia using either their own funds or those borrowed from European banks. They had sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed indigenous form of Corporate organisation.

(2) Hyderabadi Sindhi traders, however ventured beyond European colonies. From the 1860s they established flourishing emporia at busy ports worldwide selling local and imported curious tourists whose number were beginning to increase due to the development of safe and comfortable passenger vessels.

Question 11. 
Why were Europeans attracted to Africa in the late nineteenth century ?
Answer:
Europeans were attracted to Africa in the last nineteenth century due to following reasons

• Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. There were also plenty of mineral deposits. The people of Europe wanted to use them.
• Europeans came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe.
• The Transvaal gold fields was also a major cause of attraction for Afria. Despite the fear of difficulties, diseases and death along the way, the people of Europe started fleeing towards that area.

Question 12. 
What was the impact of industrialisation of England on Indian textiles ? 
Answer:
Impact of Industrialisation of England on Indian Textiles:
With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturers began to expand and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton import and protect local industries. Tariffs were imposed on cloth import into Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.

From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers also began to seck overseas markets for their cloth. Excluded from the British market by tariff barriers, Indian textiles now faced stiff competition in other international markets. So there was a decline of the share of cotton textiles from some 30 percent around 1800 to 15 percent by 1815. By the 1870s this proportion had dropped to below 3 percent.

Question 13. 
What were the effects of the Great Depression on the world ? 
Answer:
The Effects of the Great Depression on the World:

• In Europe it led to the failure of some major banks. 
• There was a collapse of currencies such as the British pound sterling.
• In Latin America and else where, it intensified, the slump in agricultural and raw material prices. 
• America imposed double import duties which dealt another severe flow to world trade. 
• America was most severely affected by the depression. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close. By 1933 over 400 banks had closed and between 1929 and 1932, about 110,000 companies had collapsed.

Question 14. 
How was Britians's food problem solved after the Corn Laws was scrapped ? What was its effect ?
Answer:
After the Corn Law was scrapped, its effect on Britain's food problem-

• After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• British agriculture was unable to complete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
• As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
• From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports.

Question 15. 
What was Rinderpest ? What was its impact on Africa ?
Answer:
Rinderpest was a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague which arrived in Africa in late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.

Impact on Africa: 

• Rinderpest killed 90 percent of the cattle.
• The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihood.
• Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained to strengthen their power and to force African into the labour market.
• Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.

Question 16. 
“The U.S. was also the industrial country, most severely affected by the Great Depression." Explain. 
Answer:
Impact of the Great Depression on America: 

• With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression, U.S. Banks had also slashed domestic landing and called back loans.
• Farms could not sell their harvest, households were ruined and business collapsed.
• Faced with falling incomes, many households in thus could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables. The consumers' prosperity of the 1920s now disappeared in a puff of dust.
• As unemployment soared, people covered long distances looking for any work they could find
• Ultimately, the U.S. Banking system itself collapsed.
• Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close. By 1933 over 4000 banks had closed and between 1929 and 1932, about 1,10,000 companies had collapsed.

Question 17. 
Discuss the results of the second world war. 
Answer:
The Result of the Second World War:

• At least 60 million people were killed directly or indirectly as a result of the war. More than millions were injured.
• Many civilians more than soldiers died from war related causes.
• Vast parts of Europe and Asia, were devastated and scveral cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks.
• The war caused an impair amount of economic devastation and social disruption.
• The U.S. emerged as the dominant economic, political and military power in the western world. Soviet union emeregd as a world power.
• The U.N.O. came into existence after this war.

Question 18. 
What do you mean by Exchange rates ?
Answer:
Exchange rates link national currencies for the purpose of international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates-(1) Fixed exchange rates, and (2) Floating exchange rates.

(1) Fixed exchange rates:
When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to rates prevent movements in them. These rates are called fixed exchange rates.

(2) Flexible or floating exchange rates:
These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets in principle without interference by governments.

Question 19. 
What was the impact of Bretton Woods system on the world economy ? 
Answer:
Impact of Bretton Woods System on World Economy:

• The Bretton Woods system opened an era of unprecedented growth of trades and incomes for the western industrial nations and Japan.
• World trade grew annually over 8 percent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 percent. The growth was also mostly stable without large fluctuations.
• For much of this period, the unemployment rate, for example, averaged less than 5 percent in most industrial countries.
• There was a worldwide spread of technology and enterprise.
• Developing countries wanted to catch up with the advanced industrial countries; so they invested vast amounts of capital importing industrial plants and equipments featuring modern technology.

Question 20. 
What do you know about the group of 77 (or G-77) ?
Answer:
The Group of 77 (G-77):
Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the western economics experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, they organised themselves as a group-the Group of 77 (or G-77) to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO, they meant a system that world give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fair prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in development countries.

Question 21. 
What is a multinational corporations (MNCs) ? Discuss in brief the development of MNCs.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time.

Development of multinational companies: The first MNCs were established in the 1920s. Many more came up in the 1950s and · 1960s as US businesses expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also recovered to become powerful industrial economies. The worldwide spread of MNCs was a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s. At that time high import tariffs imposed by different governments forced MNCs to locate their manufacturing operations and become 'domestic producers' in as many countries as possible. This is how the multi-national companies grew. 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Discuss the main characteristics of late nineteenth-century colonialism. 
Answer:
Main Characteristics of Late Nineteenth Century Colonialism: 
In many parts of the world the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy meant a loss of freedom and livelihood.

Late nineteenth century conquest of European countries created many painful economic, social and ecological changes through which the colonised societies were brought into the world economy

(1) Establishment of colonies in Africa by the colonial power: The powerful countries of European countries began to establish their colonies in African countries. They in Africa drew up the borders demarcating their respective territories. In 1885, the powerful countries of Europe met in Berlin to divide African countries among themselves.
(2) Expansion of their colonial empire by the European power: Britain and France made a vast addition to their overseas territories in the late nineteenth century. Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers. The U.S. also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain.

Question 2. 
“Foods encouraged long-distance cultural exchange.” Explain. 
Answer:
Encouragement of Long Distance Cultural Exchange by Foods 
Foods encouraged long-distance cultural exchanges as explained below :
(1) Traders, and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even ready foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origin.
(2) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
(3) Arab traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily now an Island in Italy.
(4) Such examples prove the possibilities of long-distance cultural contact even in the premodern world.
(5) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes etc. were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europa and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidently discovered America. In fact many of our common foods came from America's original inhabitants-the American Indians.

Question 3. 
Why were Indian indentured labourers taken to foreign countries ? Why were the Indian indentured labourers forced to migrate to foreign countries ? 
Answer:
Migration of Indian Indentured Labourers to Foreign Countries: 
In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian indentured labourers were taken to work on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction projects in foreign countries. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contract which promised return travel to India after they had worked for five years on their employer's plantation.

Cause of migration of Indian indentured labourers to foreign countries—Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and the dry districts of Tamilnadu. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean Islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji.

Causes of migration of Indian indentured labourers were as given below :

• Cottage industries had declined in these regions.
• Land rents had risen.
• Land had been cleared for mines and plantations.
• Indentured labourers failed to pay their rent and became deeply indebted.

Question 4. 
Who was Henry Ford ? Why did he adapt assembly line system in producing cars in his factory ?
Answer:
Henry Ford:
Henry Ford was a well-known pioneer of mass production and the car manufacturer of U.S.A. He adapted the assembly line system because he realised that the assembly line would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing cars.

Adapting the assembly line system by Henry Ford: The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously-such as fitting a particular part to the Car-at a pace dictated by the convey or belt. This as a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work standing infront of a convey or belt, no worker could affort to delay the motions, take a break, or even talk to a work mate. Conseequently, Henry Ford's Cars came off the assembly line at three minute intervals, a speed much faster than that achieved by the previous methods. The T-Model Ford was the world's first mass produced car.

Question 5. 
Discuss the effects of the Fordist industrial practices in the U.S. 
Answer:
The Effects of the Fordist Industrial Practices in the U.S. 

• Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods.
• Due to the higher wages, more workers could now afford to purchase double consumer goods, such as Car.
• Car production in the U.S. rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929.
• There was an increase in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone players, all through a system of ‘hire purchase (i.e., on credit repaid weekly or monthly instalments). The demand for refrigerators, washing machines, etc., was also fuelled by a boom in house construction and home ownership financed once again by loan.
• The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the U.S. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment and yet more employment and incomes.

Question 6. 
What do you mean by the Great Depression ? Discuss its impact on the world.
Answer:
The Great Depression:
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period, most countries of the world experienced immense declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected. 

Impact of the Great Depression on the World: 
(1) Some major banks failed in Europe.
(2) There was a collapse of currencies in many countries. British pound sterling also collapsed.
(3) In Latin America and elsewhere it intesified the slump in agricultural and raw material prices.
(4) The U.S. was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression. U.S. banks had slashed domestic lending and called back loan. Farmers could not sell their harvests, households were ruined and businesses collapsed. Faced with falling incomes, many households in the U.S. could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables. The consumers' prosperity of the 1920s now disappeared in a puff of dust.

Ultimately, the U.S. Banking system itself collapsed. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close. By 1933, over 4,000 banks had closed and between 1929 and 1932, about 1,10,000 companies had collapsed.