RBSE Class 11 History Notes Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires

These comprehensive RBSE Class 11 History Notes Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires will give a brief overview of all the concepts.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 5 Notes Nomadic Empires

→ Mongols were the nomadic tribe of modem region of Mongolia.

→ Mongols were the nomadic group who earlier belong to central Asia.

→ Mongols were wandering people and were divided into many tribes. These tribes were constantly at war with each others.

→ Loot and plunder was the integral part of their living.

→ Mongol society was patriarchal in nature. The birth of son considered a sign of property of the family.

→ Genghis Khan was the founder of Nomadic Tribe.

→ The childhood name of Genghis Khan was Temujin.

→ Temujin was bom in 1162 CE. He was the son of the Kiyat tribe’s chief Yesugei. His mother’s name was Oelun-eke.

→ He had to face many problems in his early life because his father was murdered by an adversary tribe.

→ Supported by some able persons like Jamuqa, Boghuruchu, Tughril Khan, etc., he successfully defeated some powerful tribes.

→ Quriltai bestowed upon Temujin the title of Genghis Khan in 1206. He ruled till upto 1227 CE.

 

→ Genghis Khan brought some important changes in the area ruled by him.

→ Genghis Khan is known as ‘National Hero’ in Mongolia’s history.

→ Mongols were a diverse body of people linked by similarities of language to the Tartars, Khitans and Manchus to the east and Turks to west.

→ Ethnic and language ties united the Mongols.

→ There was scarcity of the sources in the nomadic tribes that divided the families on patrilineal lineages.

→ The Great Wall of China was breached in 1213 and Peking was sacked in 1215 by Mongols.

→ The main diet of the nomadic people was meat and milk.

→ The nomadic people wore cotton, silk and woollen clothes.

→ Silk clothes were imported from China, while woollen clothes were prepared by themselves.

→ The nomadic people buried the deads. All rites of the deads were performed before the sun set.

→ Trade was carried out with neighbouring countries and was beneficial for the both sides.

→ Genghis Khan launched a campaign against China in 1209 and defeated HSI, Hsia.

→ Qara Khita was ruled by a Naiman tribal ruler Kuchlug. He was defeated by Genghis Khan in 1218.

→ Between 1219 to 1222 CE Mongol forces occupied Otsar, Bukhara, Samarqand, Maru, Herat, Nishapur and Balkh.

→ Genghis Khan organised his forces as per the old steppe system of decimal units.

→ The army of Genghis Khan was comprised of different tribals.

→ Genghis laid special attention toward the rule and discipline of the army.

→ Approximately the strength of the army was estimated between 1 lakh to 1.5 lakhs.

→ Army was the most important institution of Mongol state. 

→ The emperor (the Khan) enjoyed the supreme authority in the Mongol empire whose authority can not be challenged.

→ The one of the most remarkable features of Genghis Khan’s civil administration was the Ulus system.

→ ‘Yam’ was a military position, enjoyed by Mongol tribals.

→ Ogodei, Guyuk and Mongke were the successors of the Genghis Khan.

→ Qubilai Khan was the founder of Yuan dynasty. He founded this dynasty in 1260 and ruled till 1294.

→ Timeline

Year	Events
c. 1167	Birth of Temujin
1160s-70s	Years spent in slavery and struggle
1180s-90s	Period of alliance formation.
1203-27	Expansion and triumph.
1206	Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan, ‘Universal Ruler’ of the Mongols
1227	Death of Genghis Khan
1227-60	Rule of the three Great Khans and continued Mongol unity.
1227-41	Ogodei son of Genghis Khan.
1246-49	Guyuk son of Ogodei.
1251-60	Mongke son of Genghis Khan’s youngest son, Tuluy.
1236-42	Campaigns in Russia, Hungary, Poland and Austria under Batu, son of Jochi, Genghis Khan’s eldest son.
1253-55	Beginning of fresh campaigns in Iran and China under Mongke.
1258	Capture of Baghdad and the end of the Abbasid Caliphate. Establishment of the Il-Khanid state of Iran under Hulegu, younger brother of Mongke. Beginning of conflict between the Jochids and the Il-Khans
1260	Accession of Qubilai Khan as Grand Khan in Peking. Conflict amongst descendents of Genghis Khan, fragmentation of Mongol realm into independent lineages - Toluy, Chaghatay and Jochi (Ogodei’s lineage defeated and absorbed into the Toluyid)
	Toluyids: Yuan dynasty in China and Il-Khanid state in Iran;
	Chaghatayids in steppes north of Transoxiana and Turkistan;
	Jochid lineages in the Russian steppes, described as the ‘Golden Horde’ by observers.
1257-67	The reign of Berke, son of Batu, Reorientation of the Golden Horde from Nestorian Christianity towards Islam. Definitive conversion takes place only in the 1350s. Start of the alliance between the Golden Horde and Egypt against the Il-Khans.
1295-1304	The reign of the Il-Khanid ruler Ghazan Khan in Iran. His conversion from Buddhism to Islam is followed gradually by other Il-Khanid chieftains.
1368	End of the Yuan dynasty in China.
1370-1405	Rule of Timur, a Barlas Turk who claimed Genghis Khan id descent through the lineage of Chaghatay. Establishes a steppe empire that assimilates part of the dominions of Toluy (excluding China), Chaghatay and Jochi. Proclaims himself‘Guregen’-royal son-in-law’- and marries a princess of the Genghis Khanid lineage.
1495-1530	Zahiruddin Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan succeeds to Timurid territory of Ferghana and Samarqand, is expelled, captures Kabul and in 1526 seizes Delhi and Agra: founds the Mughal empire in India.
1500	Capture of Transoxiana by Shaybani Khan, descendent of Jochi’s youngest son, Shiban. Consolidates Shaybani power (Shaybanids also described as Uzbeg, from whom Uzbekistan, today, gets its name) in Transoxiana and expels Babur and other Timurids from the region.
1759	Manchus of China conquer Mongolia.
1921	Republic of Mongolia.

→ Genghis Khan Family