RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution  

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Where did Industrial Revolution begin and when ?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution first begin in England in 18th century. England is an European country.

Question 2. 
Write any three causes why Industrial Revolution began in England.
Answer:
Industrial Revolution begun in England due to :
(i) Political Stability.
(ii) Immense Wealth (Capital)
(iii) Intelectual Progress.

Question 3. 
Who was Abraham Darby ?
Answer:
He was the first Englishman to use coke first time in the process of smelting.

Question 4. 
What do you know about Arnold Toynbee ? Name the book written by him.
Answer:
Arnold Toynbee was a well known English philosopher and an economist who wrote a book named. Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England.

Question 5. 
When and by whom was flying shuttle invented ?
Answer:
Flying shuttle was invented by John Kay in 1733. The invention of Flying shuttle revolutionised the textile industry.

Question 6. 
What was Luddism movement ?
Answer:
Luddism was a kind of movement. It was led by the Charismatic General Ned Ludd. The followers of this movement demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children. This movement also demanded the formation of trade union. Hence, it was a different kind of protest.

Question 7. 
Who discovered powerloom ? Write some sentences on its advantages.
Answer:
Water Frame was discovered by Richard Arkwright. It was discovered in 1769. It was the first cotton spinning machine which was used to spin with the help of hydel (water) power.

Question 8. 
Write any two advantages of water frame.
Answer:
Advantages of water frame :
(i) It revolutionised the Spinning and weaving of fibre much faster.
(ii) Cotton fibre spun by this machine was fine strength as compared to others.
(iii) It also required expert/experience workmenship.

Question 9. 
What is the difference between Samuel Crompton and Edmund Crompton ?
Answer:
Samuel was the inventor of mule while Edmund discovered powerloom.

Question 10. 
Who was Thomas Newcomen ?
Answer:
He was the designer of steam engine. It was designed in 1712 and was to drain the mines. But it did not prove much successful due to unsymmetrical shape.

Question 11. 
Who is rightly described as “Father of Railway” ?
Answer:
The great Engineer of England George Stephenson, who contributed a lot in the progress of the railway is described as Father of Railway. He invented steam engine,Blutcher in 1814 and started first train between Stockton and Darlington.

Question 12. 
What are the social effects of the Industrial Revolution on England ?
Answer:
(i) It lead to an increase in population.
(ii) It resulted in the destruction of the old family system.
(iii) It lead to the urbanisation in England.

Question 13. 
Write any two provisions of Factory Act of 1819 CE.
Answer:
Provisions of Factory Act of 1819:
(i) Children below the age groups of nine were prohibited to work in Industries.
(ii) For children of 9-16 years were allowed to work on for 12 hours and VA hour lunch hour will be fixed for them.
(iii) They were also prohibited to do overtime or work in night shifts.

Question 14. 
How did farming method changed with the Industrialisation ?
Answer:
(i) Steel plough share came into use instead of wooden plough.
(ii) Harrow in place of wooden weeders.
(iii) Mechanical drill for sowing seeds.
(iv) Mechanical reaper/thrasher for harvesting.

Question 15. 
What were the main features of Industrial Revolution in England ? Write any two.
Answer:
(i) Goods began to produce in big factory.
(ii) Man had to do less labour and life became easier.
(iii) Production begen to increased.

Question 16. 
How did industrialisation help in raising the standard of living ?
Answer:
(i) It facilitated mankind to meet their primary needs/necessities.
(ii) It brought new job opportunities.
(iii) Life became quite easy. 

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. 
“Industrialization gave birth to Imperialism.” How ?
Answer:
The industrialization mainly needs two things :
(i) Constant supply of raw material.
(ii) The consumption of the finished goods at a fast speed.
So, to meet both the needs, the industrial countries started the search of new countries where industrialization had not yet reached. As a result Britain, France, Germany, Japan etc., set-up their colonies in Asia, Africa and South America. These colonies served their both the purposes i.e., being suppliers of cheap raw materials and easy markets for their finished goods. So it is correct that industrialisation gave birth to imperialism.

Question 2. 
The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a ‘Machine Age’. Justify.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later half of the 18th century. Many machines such as the air pump, printing press, spinning wheel and the plough were in use prior to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. But the machines began to replace men and animals in the production of goods and commodities soon after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The new inventions not only proved effective but also developed so speedily that they changed the thinking and ways of living of the people all over the world. Hence it is aptly said that Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of the ‘Machine Age’.

Question 3. 
What were the effects of Industrialisation on transport ?
Or
What are the relative advantage of canals and railway transportation ?
Answer:
(i) Mecadamised Roads : Pucka roads were constructed for the rapid and safe carriage of raw material and the manufactured goods from the place of production to the place of sale.

(ii) Canals : The canals were dug and used for shipment of coals from mines to fractories. They were also used for carrying goods and passengers.

(iii) Railway Lines : The steam-engines were used in Railways to carry heavy loads and a large number of passengers.

(iv) Use of Steam Ships : Steam ships were used to carry the goods across the oceans. The growth of transport promoted the import and export of goods and the capitalists made huge profits. It made the country rich.

Question 4. 
What were the inventions in textile industries in England as a result of Industrial Revolution ?
Answer:
The Spinning machine ‘Jenny’ was invented in 1764 C.E. ‘Flying Shuttle’ was invented by John Kay. Later in 1785 C.E. Cartwright invented ‘Powerloom’ which used steam power engine for spinning and weaving. Whiteny invented ‘Cotton Jin’ in 1793 C.E. to separate fibre of cotton from cotton seeds.

Question 5. 
How did invention of Steam- Engine revolutionise industry and transport ?
Answer:
(i) James Watt’s steam-engine has revolutionised the whole industrial set-up. The use of this engine provided the power to run machine for separating spinning and weaving. Previously, the power used in these factories was drawn from animals running water etc.

(ii) The invention that revolutionised coal and iron industry was the charcoal furnace to smelt the iron. However, Abrahim Darby invented blast furnace. For mining safety Sir Humphry Davy invented Safety Lamp for use in coal mines. The invention of communication and transport includes automobiles, telegraph and telephone.

Question 6. 
‘London had acquired a global significance.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
From the 18th century, London had acquired a global significance because :
(a) London was the largest among eleven cities of Britain whose population doubled between 1750 and 1800 CE.
(b) It served as the hub of Britain's markets. All other cities were located close to London.
(c) It was the principal source of loans for international trade.
(d) It was the centre of a triangular trade network that drew in England, Africa and the West Indies. The companies trading in America and Asia had their offices in London.

Question 7. 
Write the main provisions of two Combination Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1795 CE.
Answer:
(i) These acts made it illegal to incite the people by speech or writing to hatred or contempt of the king.
(ii) It also banned unauthorised public meetings of over 50 persons.

Question 8. 
Explain the reasons as to why factory laws passed in Britain were difficult to enforce.
Answer:
This was so because :
(a) Factory inspectors were poorly paid and easily bribed by factory managers.
(b) Parents lied about the real wages of their children so that they could work and contribute to family incomes.

Question 9. 
Give examples to show that the Industrial Revolution with its demand for raw material and markets made nations more dependent on one another.
Answer:
(i) Dependence on One Another : For the progress of industry two things are essential. They are raw material and market. In this way,' the nations have to depend on one another for these things.

(ii) Raw Material : One country has to depend on another country for the supply of raw material. After independence India had to import jute from Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Before partition, England had to get raw material from India for her textile mills.

(iii) Market: It makes nations dependent on one another. The producing country seeks market for its products. She makes contact with other nations. One country makes one thing another country makes another thing. In this way they buy and sell each other’s products. Their trade relations become closer.

Question 10.
How did the growth of Trade Union help to put an end to the idea of Laissez Faire ?
Answer:
When the workers put up their demands the factory owners showed cruelty to them and tried to crush their movement. The workers got united and started a struggle against their owners. There were an atmosphere of mistrust. The Government was forced to end Laissez Faire. Laws were made for the welfare of the workers.

By the Act of 1819, children under nine years of age were banned to work in factories. In 1824 Trade Unions were declaqred lawful. On account of the Chartist Movement, the workers got a right to vote. The development of trade unions put an end to Laissez Faire.

Question 11. 
Why does Industrialisation affect Farming, Transportation, Communication, Trade and how does it result in the need for more education ?
Answer:
(i) Effect on Transport : Industrialization had a great effect on transport. Pucca roads were made and canals were dug. Boats began to ply. The steam engine brought a revolution in transport. Ships were built.
(ii) Effect on Communication : The telegraph and the telephone were means of sending quick communications.
(iii) Effect on Trade : There was increase in production. Trade and business progressed. Trade relations made the whole world one.
(iv) Effect on Farming: Industrialization had a deep effect on farming. The ploughing and harvesting was done by machines. Fertilisers began to be used. There was improvement in means of irrigation.

Question 12. 
What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on workers of England ?
Answer:
Workers were badly affected by the Industrial Revolution because :
(a) They had to work for 15-18 hours a day and were not allowed to take rest even if they were exhausted.
(b) Their working places were very dirty and there were hardly any arrangement for their safety.
(c) Their places of living were very bad. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were a part of their daily life.    
(d) Women and children were also employed in factories and were given very less wages.

Question 13. 
What was the economic system that arose in Europe after the Industrial Revolution ? Discuss the ideas and movements which took place in Europe against that system.
Answer:
The economic system that arose in Europe after the Industrial Revolution was ‘capitalism’, as a result of the setting up of factories and industries the major portion of the national capital got accumulated in the hands of a few persons. These people were the big capitalists who grew richer and richer day by day.

Many craftsmen were rendered jobless as their goods were costly and customers did not purchase them. So they were forced to work as labourers in different factories. They had to work 12-16 hours a day and got very low wages. So they became poorer day by day. Moreover, working conditions in factories were also unsatisfactory. All this led to conflict between the factory owners and the workers.

Ideas and Movements that arose in Europe against capitalisms were :

(a) Philosophers like Karl Marx and Angles began to say that capitalism is the root cause of all social evils. Therefore it should be taken over by the government or the society. The communist philosophy advocated the use of force and violence for doing away with capitalism and for bringing socialism.

(b) The Spinning Jenny : This was a machine made by James Hargreaves in 1765. This machine had a provision of spindles. So a single machine could do the work of eight persons.

(c) The Water Frame : It was invented by Richard Arkwright. Water frame produced a much stronger thread than before. It also made it possible to weave pure cotton fabrics rather than fabrics that combined linen and cotton' yarn.

(d) Mule : The Mule was the nick name for a machine invented in 1779 by Samuel Crompton that allowed the spinning of strong and fine yarn.

(e) Powerloom : This machine was invented by Edmund Cartwright. It could be used to weave any kind of material,

Question 15.
’Britain was the first country to experience modern industrialisation’. Examine the factors resposible for it.
Answer:
The five important factors responsible for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britsin were as under : 
(i) Plentiful Capital : Britain had accumulated large amounts of money by foreign trade. The British merchants were very rich and could invest their capital in industries.

(ii) Availability of Raw Materials : Britain could easily obtain raw materials for its factories from her colonies.

(iii) Landless Unemployment : Agricultural revolution had greatly increased the number of landless peasants in Britain. These people were ready to work in factories at low wages.

(iv) Reserves of Coal and Iron : Sufficient reserves of coal and iron were available in Britain. These were located close to each other which made the easy establishment of industries.

(v) New Inventions : Britain witnessed many technical inventions. The manufacturing of steam railways, steam engines and steam ships brought rapid changes in industries.

Question 16. 
What were the effects of Industrial Revolution on Agriculture or Farming ?
Answer:
(i) More Demand of Raw Materials : There was a rapid growth in the demand for raw material. It was an effect of industrialization.

(ii) Mechanised Farming : To meet the increasing demand for more raw material the fanners used the new machines for sowing, ploughing, digging, reaping and thrashing purposes.

(iii) Invention of Chemical Fertilizers: The chemical fertilizers were used to grow crops. It improved the financial conditions of the farmers.

(iv) Digging of Soils: The new machines were used in digging the soil deep. Thus the barren lands were brought under cultivation and new crops were grown.

(v) Irrigation Facilities : Now the farmers no longer dependent on monsoons but had improved the means of irrigation.

(vi) Rearing of Farm Cattle : With the development of farming the new breeds of farm cattle also developed.

(vii) Import of Raw Material : As the industries grew, more raw material had to be imported.

Question 17. 
What is meant by the term factory system ? State two reasons for the emergence of this system.
Answer:
I. Factory System : Large scale production of machine is popularly known as factory system. This system is the gift of industrialisation. Before this system goods were produced on very small scale in cottage industries or small scale industries. Factory system first of all began in England and as time past it spread in other European and world countries.

II. Reasons for the emergence of Factory System : 

(i) Growth of towns and cities and rise of a new and affluent middle class.
(ii) Increase in demand for luxury items.

Question 18. 
Explain the meaning of the term “Industrial Revolution”. Mention its two favourable effects in the field of production and two significant economic effects.
Answer:
I. Meaning of the term Industrial Revolution : By the term “Industrial Revolution” we mean those important developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organization of production through machines in lieu of man and animal power in the latter half of the 18th century.

II. Favourable effects in the field of production :
(i) Increased production of industrial goods, raised the standard of living of average people.
(ii) Flow of goods, labour and capital increased because of increased means of transportation and communication.

III. Two significant economic effects :
(i) Village economy expanded to become economy of the nation with large scale industrial production.
(ii) Trade and commerce found larger scope all over the world.

Question 19. 
Answer the following questions:
(a) In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin first ? How did it effect the living and working conditions of the working class in the beginning ?
(b) Mention the efforts made to improve the working conditions of factory workers in England.
Answer:
(a) First of all Industrial Revolution began in England. With the beginning of Industrial Revolution the working class of that country was greatly effected. They were severely exploited by the factory owners. They were force to work for longer hours. Their wages were very low. They were force to live in slums due to their poor conditions.

(b) Efforts to improvement in the conditions of workers : Many efforts were made to improve the working conditions of factory workers in England. 

Briefly we can explain them as following :

(i) The Factory Act, 1802 limited working hours for children to 12 hours in a day.
(ii) The Factory Act of 1819 forbade the employment of children under nine years of age.
(iii) In 1824 workers got the right to form unions and the right to strike to get their demands met.
(iv) Industrial workers were given the right to vote.

Question 20. 
Explain briefly any three terms out of the following given terms :
(a) Capital
(b) Capitalism
(c) Socialism
(d) Protective tariff
(e) Laissez Faire
(f) Imperial Preference
Answer:
(a) Capital: Capital is the money invested as input of production and disbursion of products in the market.

(b) Capitalism : The new economic system of society with individual ownership on means of production in large scale and for profit motive. The workers under this system, do not own anything but work for the wages.

(c) Socialism : Socialism is a theory that advocates state ownership on the means of production and common welfare of society as a whole is preferred over profit making. It’s economic system just opposite to capitalism.

(d) Protective Tariff : It means certain trade barriers in the form of import duty imposed by Government of a country to control stiff competition in domestic market owing to arrival of foreign goods through imports.

(e) Laissez Faire : It is a theory of economics propounded by Adam Smith in 1776 C.E. that advocates free flow of trade and commerce in the country. Let the market forces (i.e. supply and demand) determine the price is the watchword of this theory.

(f) Imperial Preference : It was manifested in withdrawal of import duty, increase in the rates of export duty, export of raw material to England, monopoly rights over trade etc.

Question 21.    
(a) Describe Richard Arkwright’s spinning water frame. How did the spinning frame effect the development of the Industrial Revolution ?
(b) What was the purpose of James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny ?
Answer:
(a) That machine spun cotton into thread by means of high-speed rollers first driven by water power and later by steam power. This machine started factory system in England.

(b) The purpose of the Spinning Jenny was to provide more cotton thread for the weavers. It could spin 80 threads simultaneously.

Question 22. 
(a) Where, when and by whom first textile mill of modern style was started in India ?
(b) Name the important industrial centre of India in 1931.    
Answer:
(a) The first textile mill was started in Bombay in 1853 by Cowasjee Nanabhoy.
(b) Bombay (Handloom cloth production increased manifold). 

Question 23.
Answer the following questions:
(a) How did farming methods change due to industrialisation ?
(b) Which social classes became important as a result of the Industrial Revolution ?
Answer:
(a) 
(i) Steel ploughshare used in place of wooden plough.    '
(ii) Harrow in place of wooden weeder.
(iii) Mechanical drill for seed sowing, reaping and thrashing machines.

(b) Capitalist class and factory workers became important social classes as a result of Industrial Revolution. Later on middle class people also became important as they use to provide services of various types in industrial areas.    

Question 24. 
Mention the causes of Industrial Revolution in England.
Or
Why did Industrial Revolution started first of all in Britain ?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution started first of all in Britain because of the following factors:
(а) In Britain, coal and iron mines lay together.

(b) The Agricultural Revolution had preceded the Industrial Revolution. It had made a large number of agricultural labourers available for employment in the factories established during the Agricultural Revolution.'

(c) The British had accumulated huge capital on account of expansion of trade with colonies and other countries during the 18th century. This easy availability of capital made England a pioneer in the Industrial Revolution.

(d) Political security, internal peace and strong navy were other important factors responsible for Britain taking a lead in the great industrial changes.

(e) Britain had been politically stable since 1700 AD, with England, Wales and Scotland under a strong monarchy. The country had common laws, a stable currency and a market not hampered by local authorities levying taxes on things that passed through their areas, thus increasing their prices.

(f) Money was widely used as a medium of exchange, this gave the people a wider choice for ways to spend their incomes and expand the market for the sale of their goods.

Question 25.
What were the main features of the Industrial Revolution in England ?
Answer:
(i) Goods were produced in the big factories.
(ii) Goods were produced in a large quantity on the machines.
(iii) Man had to do less labour and his life became easier.
(iv) The artisans who used to work at home now became the workmen in the factories and the capitalists became the owners of the industries.
(v) Agriculture, trade, communication and transportation increased.
(vi) Goods were available at cheaper rates.

Question 26. 
How does industrialisation help in raising the level or the standard of living ?
Answer:
(i) The industrialisation had facilitated for the mankind meeting their primary necessities of food, cloth and shelter.
(ii) The machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
(iii) The machines have brought leisure for man e.g. sports goods, arts/painting made by using machines.
(iv) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man.
(v) Machines made life of man quite easy and comfortable. For example, invention of telegraph and telephones brought distant places at the wave length of sound/speech.
(vi) The new inventions brought new jobs and added pleasure to man’s life.

Question 27. 
Explain any three major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
(i) There were urban crafts and trade guilds powerful enough and affluent who did not allow them starting their production.

(ii) These guilds were associations of producers who used to train artisans, maintain control over production, regulate competition and prices and restrict the entry of new people into the trade.

(iii) These guilds had obtained monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products from the respective governments in European countries.

Question 28. 
Are you agree that Industrial Revolution with its demand for raw materials and markets have made nations more dependent on one another ?
Answer:
(i) Yes its all true. Following facts substantiate this statement:

(ii) A country can not produce all kinds of raw materials needed for her factories, so she has to import the raw materials not available within her lands, from the other countries. This inevitable exchange of the things have made all the nations inter-dependent and inter-related. For example, Indian jute mills depend on Bangladesh for supply of raw jute.

(iii) As factories produce goods in large scale i.e. beyond consumption in countries where they are set-up, they search markets in countries abroad in order to take benefit of large scale production e.g. England was in need of making India a market for her cotton textile manufactured using machines/mills.

Question 29. 
What is meant by Trade Unions ? Discuss the aims for which they were formed.
Answer:
I. The meaning of Trade Unions : The term trade is understood in its resemblance to labour. By the phrase “Trade Union”, we understand a labour union. Trade unions in England were the associations of the workers formed to safeguard their interests.

II. Aims of the formation of Trade Unions :
(i) To fight against injustice and malpractices of the industrialists.
(ii) To fight for regulating the hours of work for the workers and labourers.
(iii) To fight for the higher wages for workers.
(iv) To demand the better service facilities and working conditions.
(v) To regulate and maintain harmonious relations between the employers and the employees.

Question 30. 
What is meant by the “factory system” ? Describe any two features of the economic system that grew as a result of the factory system.
Answer:
Factory system is an inherent part of the Industrial Revolution. The introduction of machines which could produce the goods at a very fast speed, brought about the factories (the sites where machines installed).

Two features of the Economic System:
(i) Capitalism : Due to the introduction of factory system, the major portion of society was divided into two parts : 
(i) the capitalists who were the owners of the factories 
(ii) the labourers, who used to work in the factories for the wages.    

(ii) Colonialism : In their bid to make more profits, the industrial nations invaded and conquered many small and weak countries to convert them into their colonies. Stimulant to that doing was their need of raw-material to feed their machines and markets, to dispose off finished goods.

Question 31. 
How did power from steam engine helped England in speeding process of industrialisation ?
Answer:
The fact of raw-cotton import from India by Britain during the period between 1815 and 1840 is clear evidence of capacity utilization in England. It was 50 million kilograms in 1815 that increased to 250 million kilograms in 1840 C.E. viz. five time increase in import. This capacity escalation in machines installed in England achieved because of invention of steam engine by James Watt in 1769 C.E. 

This invention opened the door for entrance of iron and coal industries. Iron processing started with that invention later on, blast furnance was invented for smelting of iron-ore, technical know-how to turn low grade iron into steel etc.Thus, we can say on above said basis that it was steam engine that had speed up the process of industrialisation all over Europe continent.

Question 32. 
Mention labour legislations in India during the British rule.
Answer:
(i) As per provisions of first Indian Factory Act, 1861, nine hours a day for children between seven and twelve were fixed as working hours with four holidays in a month and it laid emphasis on keeping children away from dangerous and complex machines.

(ii) As per provisions of Indian Factories Act, 1891, weekly holidays were sanctioned for each category and age of workers. Working hours for children were further reduced to 9 hours a day and 11 hours a day work was freed for women workers. Men were twenty four hours (24 x 7) labourers.

Question 33. 
How did the Derbys of Shropshire bring about a revolution in the metallurgical industry ?
Answer:
The Derbys of Shropshire brought about a revolution in the metallurgic industry in the following ways :
(i) The first Derby invented a blast furnace in 1709 C.E. This furnace used coke which could generate high temperatures. Now it was not necessary to depend on charcoal for furnaces. The melted iron, which came out of these furnaces, allowed finer and larger castings than before.

(ii) The Second Derby developed wrought iron from pig iron and this wrought iron was less brittle.

(iii) In 1779 C.E., the third Derby built the first iron bridge in the world. This bridge was situated in Coalbrookdale, spanning the river seven.

Question 34. 
“Due to industrialization, need of raw material and market occurred. It led to dependence of nations upon each other.” Give example to clarify the statement.
Answer:
Raw material is required to run machnes in industries. With this, market should be there to sell the furnished product. That’s why nations have to depend upon each other to buy raw material and to sell final goods. For example England procured cotton from India to run its industries. Then it used to send furnished products to other countries. In the same way, today India procured jute from Bangladesh and used to send furnished product to other countries.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1. 
Discuss the conditions most favourable or essential for industrialisation.
Answer:
Most essential conditions for Industrialistion : 
The most favourable or essential conditions for industrialisation or for the development of the industries are as follow:    
(i) Capital : There must be available sufficient capital for the development of industries in a country.
(ii) Natural resources : There must be the sufficient resources like coal and iron.
(iii) Raw material : Plenty of raw- material is needed for the industrialisation. The raw material includes cotton, jute, sugarcane etc.
(iv) Sources of energy : There must be sufficient sources of energy like electricity, oil or coal etc.
(v) Markets : There must be the markets where the prepared and the finished goods may be sold.
(vi) Transportation facilities : The transportation facilities like the pucca-roads, railway lines, aeroplanes and ships are essential for the development of industry.
(vii) Cheap labour : There must be available a sufficient number of the labourers to work in the industries at reasonable wages.
(viii) Favourable Government policy: The Government’s policy should be in favour of setting up of the industries in the country.
(ix) Political stability and peace : Law and order, peace and political stability are very much needed for the development of industry in a country.
(x) Suitable climate : There must be suitable climate in the country so that the labourers may not feel tired within a few hours of work in the industries.
 
Question 2. 
Discuss the improvement that took place in the field of transportation and communication during the 18th- 19th century. How was it helpful in the process of rapid industrialisation ?
Answer:
I. Improvement in transportation :

(i) In 1814, George Stephenson developed Steam Engine to haul coal from mines to ports by railways.
(ii) In 1830, the first railway began carrying passengers (labourers and other officials employed in factories etc.) and freight (raw material as well as manufactured goods) from Liverpool to Manchester.
(iii) The above mentioned events brought soon plans for construction of rail-road all over UK and US.
(iv) As early as 1853, in Lord Dalhousie’s time, the first rail-road was laid in India (from Bombay to Thane). Rail-road construction in India supported England in her trade and commerce varied ways.
(v) The need to transport raw material and manufactured products led to the improvement of roads and the digging of canals in England and other countries.
(vi) Water-ways connecting rivers and lakes were explored, vessels descended over and thus, transport of goods was made economical.

II. Improvement in communication : Improved transportation facilitated communication. “Penny Post” of Rowland Hills idea acted upon. It was starting step of post and telegraph services.

III. Helpful in rapid industrialisation : Progress in means of transport (introduction of railways, improvement in shipping and construction of better roads) improve a lot the movement of raw material and manufactured goods. Trade was encouraged by progressive new means of transport and communication also.

Question 3. 
Describe in detail the effects of Industrial Revolution on Britain. (Any four points)    
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution deeply affected each aspect of public life in England. It transformed the British agriculture- dominated country into an industrial country. Following were major socio-economic effects of the Industrial Revolution :

1. Rise in National Income : This revolution made England the world's largest industrial nation. She established her trade relations with other countries. Her goods were sold abroad. So her national income greatly increased.

2. End of Cottage Industries : Such machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution as could not be installed at homes. So innumerable factories were set up in the country. Consequently, cottage industries in England almost ended.

3. Establishment of New Industrial Towns : Before the Industrial Revolution there were only a few towns in England. But the Industrial Revolution contributed to the establishment of large towns. Therefore, many large industrial towns such as Manchester, Lancashire, Birmingham, Sheffield came into being in England.

4. Sufficient and Cheaper Goods : Invention of machines resulted in the sufficient production of goods. These were cheaper and so people easily began to buy them.

5. Increase in Umemployment : Elimination of home industries was the worst effect of the Industrial Revolution. Now a single machine could do the work of many persons. Consequently, people who did manual labour were rendered umemployed.

6. Increase in Number of Landless Labourers: The Industrial Revolution forced small farmers to sell their plots of land and work in factories. Therefore, the number of landless labourers increased.

Question 4. 
Was Industrial Revolution a revolution ?
Answer:
Until the 1970s, the historians used the term Industrial Revolution for the industrial and economic changes that occurred in Britain from 1780s to the 1820s. They pointed out that the changes were so abrupt, profound and far reaching that they may well be described as ‘revolutionary’. Arnold Toynbee popularised the term Industrial Revolution in his book “Lectures on the Industrial Revolution”.    

This view about the Industrial Revolution has been challenged on various grounds.

(a) It is argued that the industrial transformation in England had actually been too gradual to be considered a revolution.

(b) The economic changes that occurred in England in the middle of the 18th century were neither sharp nor sudden because the process of change had started almost since 1644, a century before the industrial revolution.

(c) Even upto the middle of the 19th century, large regions of England had no factories or mines. The changes came only around the cities of London. Manchester, Birmingham or New Castle rather than throughout Britain. Hence the term revolution is regarded as inaccurate.

(d) The impressive growth of cotton textile industry based on new machinery was during 1780s and 1820s. But this industry relied on non British raw material, on sales abroad, especially India.

(e) The sustained industrialisation occured after 1815-20. The period 1793-1815 experienced disruptive effects of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars and the growth of industrialisation and of productive investment suffered. It was only after 1820 that the levels of production and installation of new machines started.

(f) Britain tried to do two things simultaneously during the period 1760's and 1815 namely, industrialisation and to fight wars in Europe, North America and India. Capital that was borrowed was used to fight wars and was not invested in industries.
Thus the word ‘industrial’ used with the word ‘revolution’ is too limited. The transformation extended beyond the economic or industrial sphere and into society and gave prominence to two classes: the bourgeoisie and the new class of proletarian labourers in towns and in the countryside.

Question 5. 
Explain the measures taken by the British government to improve the condition of workers. Also mention the weaknesses of these measures.
Answer:
The British government undertook the following measures to improve the condition of workers :
(а) Law of 1819 : This law prohibited the employment of children under the age of 9 in factories and limiting the hours of work of those between the ages of nine and sixteen to 12 hours a day.

Weakness: But this law lacked the powers needed for its enforcement.

(b) Law of 1833 : Under this act, children under nine were permitted to be employed only in silk factories. It also limited the hours of work for older children and also provided a number of factory inspectors to ensure that the act was enforced.

(c) Act of 1847 : By this act, ‘Ten hours’: Bill was passed. This limited the hours of work for women and young people and secured a 10 hour day for male workers.

(d) The Mines Commission of 1842 : The government set up the Mines Commission in 1842. This commission revealed that working conditions in mines had become worst, because more children had been put to work in coal mines.

(e) The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 : It banned children under 10 and women from working underground.

(f) Fielder's Factory Act of 1847 : Fielder's Act laid down that children and women should not work more than 10 hours a day.

Weaknesses of all these Laws :
(а) These laws were to be enforced by factory inspectors but the inspectors were poorly paid and easily bribed by factory managers.
(b) Parents lied about the real ages of their children so that they could work and contribute to family incomes.

Question 6.
Explain the protest movements launched by workers in England. What measures did the government took against these movements ?
Answer:
Protest movement launched by workers :
(а) In England, political protest against the harsh working conditions in factories kept increasing and the working population agitated to be given the right to vote. The government reacted by repression and by new laws that denied people the right to protest.

(b) As workers flooded towns and factories (as a result of Industrial Revolution), they expressed their anger in frustation in numerous forms of protest. There were bread or food riots throughout the country from the 1790s onwards. Bread was the staple item in the diet of the poor and its price governed their standard of living. Stocks of bread were seized and sold at ’a price that was affordable and morally correct rather than at the high prices charged by the profit hungry traders.
 
(c) From the 1770s, hundred of small farms were merged into the larger ones of powerful land lords by the process known as ‘enclosure’. Poor rural families sought industrial work who were affected by this process. But thousands of handloom weavers became unemployed with the introduction of machines in the cotton industry. From the 1790s these weavers slarted to demand a legal minimum age. They destroyed power looms in Lancashire and resisted the introduction of machines in Nottingham's wollen knitting industry.

(d) In Yorkshine, croppers who had traditionally sheared sheep by hand, destroyed shearing frames. In the riots of 1830, farm labourers found that their job was threatened by the invention of threshing machines. These machines seperated the grain from the husk. Therefore, they destroyed those machines.

(e) The movement known as Luddism, led by general Ned Ludd, exemplified another type of protest. Its participants demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children, work for those who had lost their jobs because of the coming of machinery and the right to form trade unions so that they could legally present these demands.

(f) In August 1819, more than 80,000 people gathered peacefully at Manchester's St. Peter's Fields. It claimed democratic rights like right to hold public meetings, right to form political organisations and right to the freedom of the press.

Measures taken by the Government:

(a) In 1795, parliament passed two Combination Acts which made it illegal to incite the people by speech or writing to hatred or contempt of the King, Constitution or Government.

(b) Government also banned unauthorised public meetings of over 50 persons.

(c) Parliament refused the demand of the cotton weavers for legal minimum wage when the weavers went on strike, the government dispersed them by force.

(d) The government took repressive measures against the rioters in Yorkshire. It hanged nine rioters who had damaged shearing frames. It also sent 450 rioters to Australia as convicts.

(e) The government brutally suppressed the peaceful people who had gathered at St. Peter's fields in Manchester in 1819. Parliament passed the six acts according to which the rights they demanded were denied.

Question 7. 
“The Industrialisation was a Mixed Blessing”. Examine and elucidate the statement.
Answer:
In the above given statement, it has rightly been said that industrialisation was a mixed blessing as it had both the dark and the bright sides.

I. Bright side of the Industrial Revolution

(i) The industrialisation has made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of life i.e. food, cloth and shelter.
(ii) The machines have relieved man, of the tiring and unpleasant job and have brought more leisure. This spare time has been utilized for the promotion of arts and cultures.
(iii) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man who would otherwise not even think of them.
(iv) Developments in the means of transport and communication have developed trade and thus, brought all the countries of the world, nearer to one another.
(v) The invention of the new types of machines has made man’s life quite easy and comfortable. These have brought new jobs and added the pleasure of human life.

II. Dark side of the Industrial Revolution

(i) As a result of the Industrial Revolution,the cities,became over-crowded by the labourers and workers creating the problems of sanitation and housing.

(ii) The worker’s life became quite miserable. They had to live in slums around the factories where they fell prey to different diseases and epidemics.

(iii) The conditions inside the factories were worse. There, the smoke, noise, poisonous gases and harsh treatment by supervisors, affected the worker’s health physically and mentally.

(iv) The factory owners employed the women and children in their factories as they were available in wage, less than men. Being vulnerable section of society, women and children suffered the most while working within factory premises.

(v) The Industrial Revolution divided the whole society into two conflicting classes i.e. the capitalists and the workers (Proletariates).

(vi) The Industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism and colonialism.
Conclusion : Thus, we can say that Industrial Revolution was a mixed blessing. It had many advantages and disadvantages for the humanity.

Question 8. 
Bring out the social and economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
I. Social Consequences

(a) Division of Society : As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the society was divided into two distinct classes- the capitalists and the labourers. The rich became more rich and the poor become poorer.

(b) Insanitary Conditions in the Towns : As a large number of people shifted from villages to industrial towns. Thus, the towns overcrowded. There was no arrangement for housing, sanitation, ventilation, drainage etc. In short, the workers live in miserable conditions.

(c) Unsatisfactory Conditions of the Factory Workers : The workers had to work in factories which were poorly ventilated, poorly lighted and were extremely unhealthy.

(d) Exploitation of women and children: Women and children were employed in large number in the factories as they were cheaper and easy to manage.

II. Economic Consequences
(а) Large scale production : The use of machinery and division of labour helped to produce the goods on a large scale.
(b) Increase in the national income: The industrial production began to be sold in other countries. It increased the wealth of the nations, where industries were set-up.
(c) Growth of agriculture: Introduction of machinery, better seeds, new crops, the use of fertilizers etc., led to growth in agriculture. Now the farmers started producing the cash crops on a large scale and became rich.

Question 9. 
Write an essay on the condition of the Indian workers in modern factories before independence. What was the attitude of the government for them ? Discuss some of the legislations related with labour welfare in 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:
I. The condition of the Indian Workers : The condition of the workers in modem factories and plantations in the 19th century was miserable :

(i) They had to work between 12 and 16 hours a day.
(ii) There was no weekly holiday or off.
(iii) Women and children worked the same long hours as men.
(iv) Wages were extremely low, ranging from ? 4 to 20 per month.
(v) The factories were overcrowded, dump places, without proper arrangement for light and air viz. completely unhygienic.

II. The British Government’s attitude and steps taken by it.

(i) The British Government of India, which was generally pro-capitalist, took some half-hearted and totally inadequate steps to mitigate the sorry state of affairs in the modern factories, many of which were owned by IndiAnswer:
(ii) In this, it was only in part, moved by humanitarian considerations. The manufacturers of Britain put constant pressure on it to pass factory laws. They were afraid that cheap labour would enable Indian manufacturers ousting them in the Indian market.

III. Acts or Laws passed by the British Government

(i) The First Indian Factory Act was passed in 1862. This Act dealt primarily with the problem of child labour. It laid down that children between 7 and 12 years would not work for more than 9 hours a day. Children would also get four holidays in a month. The Act also provided for the proper fencing of dangerous machinery.

(ii) The Second Indian Factories Act was passed in 1891. It provided for a weekly holiday for all workers. Working hours for women were fixed as 11 per day, whereas daily hours of work for children were reduced to 7.

IV. Criticism of the Acts : 

(i) Hours of work for men (workers) were still left unregulated.
(ii) Neither of the both Acts applied to British-owned tea and coffee plantations. The government gave every help to the foreign planters and they exploited their workers in the most ruthless manner.
(iii) Most of the plantations were situated in Assam which was very thickly populated and had an unhealthy climate. Labourers to work in the plantations had therefore, to be brought from outside.

Question 10. 
How did the Invention of Steam-Engine revolutionalise industry and transport ?
Answer:
(i) Invention of Steam-Engine : James Watt invented a steam engine in 1769 C.E. It made possible the setting up of factories in the interior of the country, far away from the river banks.

(ii) Invention of Railway Steam- Engine : In 1814 C.E. George Stephenson invented the steam driven railway engine called the Rocket. This engine could be used to hard coal from mines to the ports easily and economically.

(iii) Importance of Steam-Engine’s invention : Prior to the invention of steam, factories were set-up only near rivers. But not the setting up of factories, far away from the river banks, also became possible. Besides, the machine run by the muscles of men and animals or by water power could not compete with those driven by steam power. With the invention of the steam-engine the railway trains were made which proved very useful for the transportation of men and materials.

Question 11. 
What do you know about ‘Luddism’? Explain the facts.
Answer:
(i) The movement known as Luddism (1811-17), led by the Charismatic General Ned Ludd, exemplified another type of protest. Luddism was not merely a backward-looking assault on machines. Its participants demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and children, work for those who had lost their jobs because of the coming of machinery, and the right to form trade unions so that they could legally present these demands.

(ii) During the early years of industrialisation, the working population possessed neither the vote nor legal methods to express their anger at the drastic manner in which their lives had been overturned. In August 1819, 80,000 people gathered peacefully at St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester to claim democratic rights - of political organisation, of public meetings, and of the freedom of the press.

(iii) They were suppressed brutally in what became known as the Peterloo Massacre and the rights they demanded were denied by the Six Acts, passed by Parliament the same year. These extended the restrictions on political activity introduced in the two Combination Acts of 1795. But there were some gains. After Peterloo, the need to make the House of Commons more representative was recognised by liberal political groups, and the Combination Acts were repeated in 1824-25.

Question 12. 
Describe the important features of the factory system. What were its immediate effects on the conditions of workers ?
Answer:
Important features of the Factory System :
(i) Capitalism : The foremost feature of the factory system was this that capitalism appeared with full force. The inventions of machines increased production. The increased production compelled the manufacturers to find markets for their surplus goods for their margin of profits. This resulted in amassing of wealth in a few hands.

(ii) Colonialism : The factory system led the Europeans to explore new countries to import the raw-materials for feeding the machines and consume their finished goods to earn the profit. Thus factory system gave rise to colonialism.

Effects on the Conditions of Workers : The workers or workmen had to work in factories which were poorly ventilated, poor lighted and were extremely unhealthy. They had to work for 16 hours a day without any break. Most of the factories were located in dirty and unhealthy place so they caused many diseases to the workers. The workers were very low paid and it was difficult for them to make their both ends meet.

Question 13. 
Describe the conditions which prevailed in industrial cities and factories as the Industrial Revolution spread. How were these conditions slowly improved ?
Answer:
(i) Conditions of cities and factories: Due to Industrial Revolution many cities were set-up. The number of landless workers increased. The number of unstabled workers also increased.

(ii) Working hours : Each workers had to work for 15 to 18 hours in this factory. He had no rest during this period of work.

(iii) Less wages: The workers were given low wages. The mill owners exploited the workers.

(iv) Cruelty by Overseers : The overseers were very cruel. They often beat the workers with lashes.

(v) Unsuitable place of work : The places of work were dirty. They were not properly ventilated but there was no proper arrangement of light also. There was no provision for safety of workers.

(vi) Poor condition of towns : The condition of Industrial towns was very poor. Their houses were bad. Their roofs leaked in rainy season. There was no proper ventilation. No stress was laid on the health and education of workers and their children.

(vii) Improvements :
(a) In Holland in 1802 hours to work were fixed.
(b) Children had to work for 12 hours a day.
(c) In 1819 a law was passed by which children under 9 years of age were not allowed to work in factories.
(d) The workers’, guilds (unions) were established in 1824. These guilds were recognised and made legal.
(e) More facilities began to be given to workers.

Question 14. 
What were the inventions in the Textile industry in England as a result of Industrial Revolution ?
Or
Make a list of important inventions from 1750 to 1870 which introduced revolutionary development in :
(i) Textile Industry 
(ii) Sources of Energy or Power
(iii) Coal and Iron Industry
(iv) Transport and Communication
Answer:
(i) Inventions in the Textile Industry :
(ii) Hargreaves invented the “Spinning Jenny” in 1764 which speeded up the spinning work.

(iii) John Kay invented “Flying Shuttle” which speeded up weaving.
(iii) In 1776 Arkwright improved Hargreave’s machine. Now it could be run by water power. It was called ‘The Water Frame’.
(iv) In 1776 Crompton invented a machine called ‘Mule’ which combined the advantages of both the machines invented by Hargreaves and Arkwright.
(v) In 1785 Cartwright invented the ‘Power-loom’. It was run by steam power for spinning and weaving.
(vi) Eli Whitney, invented the ‘Cotton Jin’ in 1793. This machine could separate seeds from cotton 300 times faster than by hand.

2. Use of Steam as motive power :

(i) The industrial progress became rapid when steam power replaced water for running the new machines. In this way the real Industrial Revolution was launched by the invention of Steam-Engine by James Watt in 1769.
(ii) It now made possible the setting up of factories in the interior of the country, far away from the river banks.
(iii) The machine run by muscle of man or by animals or by water power, could not compare with those driven by the steam power.

3. Inventions that revolutionized the Coal and Iron Industries :

(i) In 1750 Abraham Darby used coal for iron smelting. Later on the development of the blast furnace enabled the English industries to produce steel cheaply.
(ii) The coal gas in the mines usually caught fire. So mining of coal was very dangerous in the beginning. The miners had also to work in the dark. Sir Humphry Davy invented the ‘Safety Lamp’, which the miner could take with them for light without danger of the coal-gas catching fire.

4. Invention that revolutionized the Means of Transport and Communication :

(i) John Macadam, devised the method of making Pucca or Macadamized roads.
(ii) In 1814 George Stephenson invented the steam driven railway engine called the ‘Rocket’. This engine could be used to hard coal from the mines to the ports quite easily and economically.
(iii) The means of communication underwent a big revolution with the invention of the telegraph in 1835 and telephone in 1876.

Question 15. 
How were the lives of British women and children affected by industrial revolution ?
Answer:
Before the revolution, rural women had been actively involved in farm work. They reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes. Likewise, children of the rural poor had always worked at home or in the farm at jobs that varied during the day or between seasons under the supervision of parents of relatives.

But after the Industrial Revolution, women and children began to work in factories in order to supplement men’s meagre wages. Work in the factories was completely different. There they were to do the same kind of work for long hours, under strict discipline and sharp forms of punishment.

Working conditions in factories were very poor and women and children were paid lower wages than men. But they never agitated. Women and children were employed in large numbers in the cotton textile industry in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Women were also the main workers in the silk, lace-making and knitting industries.

They were employed along with children in the metal industries of Birmingham. Machines like the cotton spinning jenny were designed in such a way that only child workers could use them with their small bodies and nimble fingers. Children were often employed in textile factories because they were small enough to move between tightly packed machinery.

They were made to work for long hours. They were to come even on Sundays to clean the machines. So they did not find time to have fresh air or exercise. Sometimes children caught their hair in machines or crushed their hands. Some died when they fell into machines as they dropped off to sleep from exhaustion.

Coal mines were also dangerous places to work in. Sometimes roofs of mines caved in or there could be explosions. Therefore, injuries were common. The approach path of mines was too narrow for adults. So the owners of coal mines used children to reach there. Younger children were also to open and shut doors as the coal wagons travelled through mines, or carry heavy loads of coal on the backs.

Question 16. 
What is the economic system that arose in Europe after the Industrial Revolution ? Discuss the ideas and movements which arose in Europe against that system.
Answer:
(i) The economic system that arose in Europe after the Industrial Revolution : The new economic system that arose in Europe after the Industrial Revolution is known as “capitalism”. As a result of the setting up of factories and industries the major portion of the national capital get accumulated in the hands of a few persons. These people are the big capitalists who grew richer and richer day by day. 

Many craftsmen were rendered jobless as their goods were costly and the customer did not purchase them. So, they were forced to work as labourers in the different factories. The labourers had to work 12 to 16 hours a day and their wages were very small. So, they become poorer and poorer day by day. Moreover, the working conditions in the factories were also unsatisfactory. This led to the conflict between the factory owners and the workers.

(ii) Ideas and movements which arose in Europe against the Capitalism: Slowly and slowly capitalism came under sever criticism in Europe. The ideas and movements of socialism and communism arose against this system. The philosophers like Karl Marx and Angles began to say that capitalism is the root cause of all social evils.

Therefore, it should be thrown away. All the means of production should be taken over by the Government or the society. The communist philosophy, advocated even the use of force and violence for doing away with capitalism and for bringing socialism.

Question 17. 
The iron industry came to be concentrated in specific regions as integrated. Explain.
Answer:
(i) England was fortunate in that coal and iron ore, the staple materials for mechanisation, were plentifully available, as were other minerals-lead, copper and tin-that were used in industry. However, until the eighteenth century, there was a scarcity of usable iron. Iron is drawn out from ore as pure liquid metal by a process called smelting. 

For centuries, charcoal (from burnt timber) was used for the smelting process. This had several problems: charcoal was too fragile to transport across long distances; its impurities produced poor-quality iron; it was in short supply because forests had been destroyed for timber; and it could not generate high temperatures.

(ii) The solution to this problem had been sought for years before it was solved by a family of iron-masters, the Darbys of Shropshire. In the course of half a century, three generations of this family-grandfather, father and son, all called Abraham Darby- brought about a revolution in the metallurgical industry. It began with an invention in 1709 by the first Abraham Darby (1677-1717). 

This was a blast furnace that would use coke, which could generate high temperatures; coke was derived from coal by removing the sulphur and impurities. This invention meant that furnaces no longer had to depend on charcoal. The melted iron that emerged from these furnaces permitted finer and larger castings than before.

(iii) The process was further refined by more inventions. The second Darby (1711-68) developed wrought-iron (which was less brittle) from pig-iron. Henry Cort (1740-1823) designed the puddling furnace (in which molten iron could be rid of impurities) and the rolling mill, which used steam power to roll purified iron into bars. It now became possible to produce a broader range of iron products. 

The durability of iron made it a better material than wood for everyday items and for machinery. Unlike wood, which could bum or splinter, the physical and chemical properties of iron could be controlled. In the 1770s, John Wilkinson (1728-1808) made the first iron chairs, vats for breweries and distilleries, and iron pipes of all sizes. In 1779, the third Darby (1750-91) built the first iron bridge in the world, in Coalbrookdale, spanning the river Severn. Wilkinson used cast iron for the first time to make water pipes (40 miles of it for the water supply of Paris).

(iv) The iron industry then came to be concentrated in specific regions as integrated units of coal mining and iron smelting. Britain was lucky in possessing excellent cooking coal and high-grade iron ore in the same basins or even the same seams. These basins were also close to ports; there were five coastal coalfields which could deliver their products almost straight into ships. Since the coalfields were near the coast, shipbuilding increased, as did the shipping trade. 

Question 18.
Why does Industrialization affect Farming, Transportation, Communication and Trade ? How does it result in the need for more education ?
Answer:
(i) Effects Farming : The demand for raw materials grew along with the industrialization. This demand forced the farmers to adopt new methods to have more production. The new machines were invented for digging the soil, sowing and reaping. Their techniques ensured more raw material for the growing industries.

(ii) Effects on Transport : The pucca roads were built for safe and fast transportation of goods. Navigational canals were dug up to carry the goods and passengers. The steam-engines were used to run railway trains. The rapid development of these means of transport made quite easy the transportation of finished goods and raw material from one country to another country

(iii) Effects on the Means of Communication : The inventions of telegraphy and telephone brought revolution in the field of communication as sending and receiving of messages became easier. It was very much helpful for the growth of industry

(iv) Effects on Trade : The production of goods encouraged the trade. The international trade grew fast as it was easy for any industrialized country to import raw material and to export the finished goods to any part of the world market.

(v) The Need of Education : Education is necessary to learn the mechanism and working of the new machines. The growth of international trade requires the knowledge of foreign languages to facilitate the international contacts.

Source Base Questions:

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :

Who were the inventors ?

It is interesting to find out who the individuals were who brought about these changes. Few of them were trained scientists. Education in basic sciences like physics or chemistry was extremely limited until the late nineteenth century, well after the technological inventions described above. Since these breakthroughs did not require a full knowledge of the laws of physics or chemistry on which they were based, advances could be and were made by brilliant but intuitive thinkers and persistent experimenters. 

They were helped by the fact that England had certain features which European countries did not. Dozens of scientific journals and published papers of scientific societies appeared in England between 1760 and 1800. There was a widespread thirst for knowledge even in the smaller towns. This was met by the activities of the Society of Arts (founded in 1754), by transportation of finished goods and raw material from one country to another country.

Effects on the Means of Communication : The inventions of telegraphy and telephone brought revolution in the field of travelling lectures, or in ‘coffee houses’ that multiplied through the eighteenth century. Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge. 

Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry. Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker. Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled, and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, initially wished to become a clergyman, and knew little of mechanics.

By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions. The road-builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind. The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration.

(i) Who were inventors ?
Answer:
The persons who invent new scientific devices are called inventors.

(ii) Name any two inventors and their inventions.
Answer:

Inventor	Invention
(i) John Kay (ii) Samuel Crompton (iii) Edmund Cartwright	Flying Shuttle Mule Powerloom

(iii) Write any two values the passage depict.
Answer:
(i) Importance of skilled workers.
(ii) Importance of new inventions.

Map Questions 

Question 1. 
On the map of England (18th century) mark and locate the extent of Iron and Coal manufacturing areas. 
Answer:

Question 2. 
On the map of England mark and locate cotton, textile manufacturing areas.
Answer:

Choose the Correct Option:

Question 1. 
Where did Industrial Revolution began ?
(a) England    
(b) France
(c) Russia    
(d) USA
Answer:
(a) England.

Question 2. 
When did Industrial Revolution began ?
(а) 16th century
(b) 18th century 
(c) 20th century 
(d) 15th century
Answer:
(b) 18th century

Question 3.
After Industrial Revolution the society in England got divided into ............
(a) Three groups
(b) Four groups
(c) Two groups
(d) Three clergy stages
Answer:
(c) Two groups.

Question 4. 
Which is not a cause of Industrial Revolution ?
(a) Political stability and peace
(b) Agricultural Revolution
(c) Scientific Progress
(d) Shortage of Market facilities 
Answer:
(d) Shortage of Market facilities.

Question 5. 
Which mineral is known as Mother of all Industries ?
(a) Iron    
(b) Aluminium
(c) Coal    
(d) Lead
Answer:
(c) Iron.

Question 6. 
Industrial Age begen with the opening of    .
(a) Iron and Steel Industry
(b) Cotton Textile Industry
(c) Coal Industry
(d) Footware Industry 
Answer:
(b) Cotton Textile Industry.

Question 7. 
When was the Society of Art founded ?
(a) 1754    
(b) 1784
(c) 1774    
(d) 1724
Answer:
(a) 1754.

Question 8. 
Scientific society begun to appear in English society in between 
(a) 1740-1760    
(b) 1730-1750
(c) 1760-1800    
(d) 1805-1821
Answer:
(c) 1760-1800.

Question 9. 
Who was Thomas Newcomen ?
(i) A goldsmith 
(ii) A blacksmith 
(iii) An army officer    
(iv) A locksmith
(a) (i) and (iii)    
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)    
(d) None of these 
Answer:
(c) (ii) and (iv).

Question 10. 
Who was John Kay ?
(a) Inventor of Flying Shuttle
(b) Inventor of Spinning Jenny
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) An Industrialist
Answer:
(a) Inventor of Flying Shuttle.

Question 11. 
When was flying shuttle invented? 
(a) 1753    
(b) 1833
(c) 1736    
(d) 1733
Answer:
(d) 1733.

Question 12. 
When was Spinning Jenny invented ?
(a) 1773    
(b) 1764
(c) 1754    
(d) 1765
Answer:
(b) 1764.

 Question 13. 
Who invented ‘Spinning Jenny’ ?
(а) James Hargreavens
(b) John Arkwright 
(c) James Kay
(d) Mathew Cock
Answer:
(a) James Hargreavens.

Question 14. 
Match the following :

(i) Richard Arkwright (ii) Crompton Samuel (iii) John Kay (iv) James Arkwright

(A) 1732 - 92 (B) 1704 - 64 (C) 1753 - 1827 (D) 1732 - 62

(а) i-C, ii-B, iii-A, iv-D
(b) i-D, ii-C, iii-B, iv-A
(c) i-A, ii-C, iii-B, iv-D
(d) i-D, ii-A, iii-C, iv-B
Answer:
(b) i-D, ii-C, iii-B, iv-A.

Question 15.
Edmund Cartwright was the inventor of ?
(a) Powerloom 
(b) Mule 
(c) Flying shuttle 
(d) Steam engine 
Answer:
(a) Powerloom.

Question 16. 
Which of the following invention took place in 1785 ?
(а) Mule
(b) Powerloom
(c) Spinning Jenny
(d) Flying Shuttle
Answer:
(b) Powerloom.

Question 17. 
Match the following:

Inventor	Invention
(i) Edmund Cartwright (ii) Samuel Crompton (iii) Richard Arkwright (iv) James Hargreaves	A. Powerloom B. Mule C. Water Frame D. Spinning Jenny

(a) i-D, ii-B, iii-A, iv-C
(b) i-D, ii-C, iii-B, iv-A
(c) i-A, ii-B, iii-C, iv-D
(d) i-A, ii-D, iii-C, iv-B 
Answer:
(c) i-A, ii-B, iii-C, iv-D.

Question 18. 
Who invented steam engine in 1712?
(а) Thomas Newcomen
(b) Thomas Pane 
(c) John Arkwright
(d) John Smith
Answer:
(a) Thomas Newcomen.

Question 19.
Who backed James Watt in Opening ‘Soho Foundry’ ?
(а) Mathew Ford
(b) Mathew Hey
(c) Mathew Boulton 
(d) James Hardy
Answer:
(c) Mathew Boulton 

Question 20.
When was first Factory Act passed to improve the condition of the workers ?
(a) 1802    
(b) 1803
(c) 1804    
(d) 1805
Answer:
(a) 1802.

Question 21.
Who discovered steel ?
(a) Henry Ford
(b) Henry Bessemer
(c) Henry Hornbill
(d) Henry Thomas 
Answer:
(b) Henry Bessemer.