RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Justice

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Justice Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Justice

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
In which book Plato gave his theory of Justice?
Answer:
The Republic.

 

Question 2. 
From which language the word ‘Jus’ is taken? 
Answer: 
Latin language.

Question 3. 
Which type of Justice is given priority in the Preamble of Indian Constitution?
Answer: 
‘Republic’ book is written by Plato. Complete the Sentence:

Question 4. 
Define just society according to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Answer: 
According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, “A just society is that society in which ascending sense of reverence and descending sense of contempt is dissolved into the creation of a compassionate society.”

Question 5. 
What is the meaning of Economic Justice?
Answer: 
There should be a proper division of the material means of the country. They should be used for the benefit of more and more people. They should serve the interest of maximum people.

Question 6. 
What is Legal Justice?
Answer: 
Legal Justice is concerned with the principle and process established by law in a state.
Fill in the blank:

Question 7. 
The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from word.
Answer: 
Latin.
Correct and Rewrite the Sentence:

Question 8. 
‘Republic’ book is written by Aristotle.
Answer: 
Social Justice.

Question 9. 
The Theory of distributive justice is given by.
Answer: 
Theory of distributive justice is given by John Rawls.

Question 10.
Who said that, “Justice means to give every individual his due share”.
Answer: 
Salmond.

Multiple-Choice Questions

Choose the Correct Answers : 

1. Justice requires:
(а) Committed Judiciary
(b) Independent Judiciary
(c) Fearful Judges
(d) Dishonest Judges 
Answer: 
(b) Independent Judiciary

2. People get proper justice in:
(a) Dictatorship 
(b) Totalitarian state 
(c) Monarchy 
(d) Democracy
Answer: 
(d) Democracy

3. The term ‘justice’ is derived from the word ‘Jus’ which is a word from:
(a) Latin language 
(b) Greek language 
(c) English language 
(d) French language 
Answer: 
(a) Latin language 

4. Which one of the following is not the fundamental postulate of Justice?
(а) Truth
(b) Equality before law
(c) Freedom 
(d) Property 
Answer: 
(d) Property

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. 
Mention any two postulates of Justice.
Answer: 
1. Truth: Truth is the basic postulate of justice. It means exact presentation of an incident. Justice demands objectively that we should be truthful in relating facts concerned with subject-matter.

2. Equality before law: All the citizens should be equal before law. The citizens should not be discriminated in the name of colour, caste, creed and sex. They should be provided equal opportunities for progress.

Question 2. 
Discuss the importance of social justice.
Answer: 
The importance of social justice is increasing day-by-day in a modern democratic state. Social justice is the very basis of present welfare state. Once Pandit Nehru expressed his view that Marxism is extremely popular not because of its scientific principles but for its readiness for social justice. Social justice is very essential for the maintenance of social harmony and peace in the society. To make democracy a success, social justice is essential.

Question 3. 
Do you agree that majority of the people are denied social justice in India? Discuss.
Answer: 
Though the makers of the Indian Constitution have made a provision for Social Justice through fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy, yet majority of the people are being denied social justice in India. The citizens enjoy right to equality, which is the very basis of social justice, but in practice economic equality does not.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Explain the term justice. 
Or
Define justice. 
Answer: 
The word ‘justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Jus’ which means bond or tie. It means, justice is that system where all individuals are related to each other. Justice is connected with the fact as to what type of moral, social, economic, political and legal relations an individual has with the other individual. In modern political science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare.

1. According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”
2. Merriam State, “Justice consists in a system of understanding and procedures through which is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”

Question 2. 
Do you agree that a majority of people are denied social justice in India? Discuss.
Answer: 
Though the makers of the Indian Constitution have made a provision for social Justice through Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, yet majority of the people are being denied social justice in India. The citizens enjoy right to equality which is the very basis of the social justice, but in practice economic equality does not exist which is the pre-condition for social and political equality.

Though Article 17 had abolished untouchability, ‘yet’ in practice, untouchability is followed in many parts of the country. Poor people are not getting social justice and more than thirty per cent of the people are living below the poverty line. Children, women and weaker sections of the society are still exploited and they do not enjoy social justice.

Question 3. 
Distinguish between the ‘Liberalists’ and ‘Marxists’ views of justice.
Answer: 
Liberal Theory of Justice is based on three basic principles that are liberty, equality and fraternity. Liberal concept is in fact a legal concept of justice, which is fundamentally based on the rule of law. Liberal interpretation of justice is quite flexible and emphasises on impartial and independent judiciary. However, Marxian concept of justice is based on economic struggle, which is going on between the rich and the poor.

According to Marxian theory of justice, justice is not possible in the present capitalist state, which is based on force and false consent of the people. Justice can be established only by abolishing the capitalist state. The dictatorship of proletariat will lead to the establishment of a just society. Infact, justice (just society) will be established when there will be classless and stateless society. Instead of independent judiciary Marxist believe in committed judiciary.

Question 4. 
What is Distributive Justice?
Answer: 
Distributive Justice means socially just allocation of resources. Often contrasted with just process, which is concerned with the administration of law, distributive justice concentrates as on outcomes. Distributive justice is defined as received fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by group members. If rewards and costs are allocated according to the designated distributive norms of the groups, distributive justice has occurred. Distributive justice assumes that there is a large amount of fairness in the distribution.

Long Answer Type Questions

Meaning of Justice and its Basic Postulates

Question 1. 
Explain the term ‘Justice’. 
Or 
Define the term ‘Justice’. Discuss the . fundamental postulates of Justice. 
Answer: 
‘Justice’ is of utmost importance in Political Science. Its existence is as ancient as the human society. Several scholars have defined justice differently in every age. Meaning and definitions of Justice: The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Jus’ which means a bond or tie. It means, Justice is that system wherein all the individuals are related to each other. In modern terms of political science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare. Main definitions of justice are mentioned below:

1. To quote J.S. Mill, “Justice is the name for certain classes of moral values, which concern the essentials of human well-being more clearly and are, therefore, of more absolute obligations, than any other rules for the guidance of life.”

2. According to Barker, “Justice is an order of persons and an order of the principles regulating the distribution of rights to persons, which is measured and determined by a final and ultimate value.”

3. According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”

4. Merriam opines, “Justice consists in a system of understandings and procedures through which is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”

Merriam’s definition highlights the following four aspects:

• Justice is concerned with moral values and conceptions of society.
• Justice is related to procedures also. Law and courts are set to get justice.
• The aim of justice is to arrange rights and conveniences for people.
• Different classes of society at a time can have different conceptions of rights and conveniences.

On the basis of the above mentioned definitions,  we can conclude that justice is that state in which a man can lead a well-set and disciplined life. Fundamental Postulates of Justice Arnold Brecht has described the following Fundamental Postulates of justice:
1. Truth: Truth is the basic postulate of justice. Truth means exact presentation of an incident. The truthfulness of the facts stated in courts is of primary importance.

2. Generality of the systems of value: It means that the same conception of justice should be applied to every matter.

3. Equality before law: All the citizens should be equal before law. The citizens should not be discriminated in the name of caste, colour, creed and sex.

4. Freedom: Justice and freedom are co-related. The liberals are of the view that man can get justice only in a free atmosphere. Freedom should be restricted for the welfare of society and the nation.

5. Respect for the essentials of nature: It is against the spirit of justice to compel a man to do some work, which is beyond his capacity naturally. For example, to expect an old and ill man to put in physical labour is purely injustice.
These above-mentioned five fundamental postulates are necessary to be followed to get justice at the local, national and international level.

Question 2. 
Discuss different Dimensions of Justice.
Answer: 
Following are the different Dimensions of Justice.

1. LEGAL DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE
Legal aspect of justice is very important. The expression of justice is available through the medium of law. The state, through its authority, establishes justice and law is the symbol of this authority. Salmond, while defining law, has observed that laws are the rules accepted and implemented by the state which bring about justice. Describing the relation between state and justice, Augustine has observed, “If you take away justice, kingdoms are nothing but robber’s possessions.” Thus it is clear that justice is the basis of state authority. In democratic countries, law cannot be separated from justice because the goal of law is only to establish justice.

2. POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE
The concept of political justice was developed primarily because of Western democratic tradition. Political justice is generally associated with the relationship between the state and its subjects. The simple meaning of political justice is that everybody should have the right to participate in the government without any discrimination. A major demand of the leaders of French Revolution was that all should be given political rights irrespective of their family or economic status.

The Declaration of Independence of America says, “Governments are instituted among men deriving just power from the consent of governed.” The 20th clause of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that everybody has the right to participate in the governing of his country. Thus providing political rights to everybody without discrimination is political justice.

3. SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE
In the modern age, the concept of social justice is very popular and this emphasis on social justice led to the adoption of socialism or Marxism by millions of people. Pt. Nehru once remarked that Marxism attracts millions of people not because of its scientific basis but its readiness to offer social justice. Social justice means that all individuals in a society are equal and there should be no discrimination in social relations. There should he no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, creed, sex, etc.

In other words, social equality is basis of social justice. All persons should have equal opportunities to develop their personality. All citizens should have equal rights and freedoms. All individuals should have equal facility to use public places and places of entertainment. State must not practise social discrimination or untouchability. One individual must not be exploited by another. The interests of minorities should be protected.

4. ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE
There is a close relation between social and economic justice. Aristotle felt economic inequality to be unjust and remarked that it was based on inequality of justice. State shall provide means of living for orphans, helpless, invalids, etc. It shall provide facilities for women, children and the sick and shall organise the economic system in a manner as to provide justice to citizens.

The importance of economic justice has increased still more after the industrial revolution. Marx and Engels, the fathers of communism, considered economic justice to be the origin of social, political and cultural justice. Today the situation is that social justice without economic justice is regarded as a mere dream. M.C. Chagla has rightly observed, “Freedom is meaningless if it hinders the achievement of economic justice.” Social justice has no meaning for a starving, unemployed person.

In simple words, economic justice means that economic means of the country should be justly distributed and they are used for the benefit of maximum people. According to Setalvad, “Economic justice is the provision of equal opportunities to the citizens to acquire wealth and to use it for their living it implies too that those persons who are disabled or old or unemployed and, therefore, not in a position to acquire wealth should be helped by society to live”. National wealth and means of production shouldn’t be controlled only by a few.

Question 3. 
What measures have been taken in India to secure social justice to its citizens? 
Answer: 
At the time of independence in 1947, India was one of the poorest countries in the world. It was largely as a result of the economic exploitation by the British regime. At that time there was no economic and social justice in India. There were inequalities based on caste, class and region. That is why the framers of the Indian Constitution set the goal of social justice in the Preamble of the Constitution.

1. Untouchability abolished. Untouchability has been a bane to the Indian Society. Social justice is impossible to achieve where untouchability is practised in any form. Article 17 abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. This Article was further strengthened by the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1995. It provided punishment for refusing admission to places of worship, restaurants, hotels, hospitals and public wells.

2. Equal access to public places. All the citizens of India, irrespective of their caste and creed, have an equal access to public places like parks, hotels, places of entertainment, roads and the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, etc.

3. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes:
Indian Government has taken special steps to improve the economic conditions and social status of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Reservations have been made in the services for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Seats have been reserved for them in the Parliament and the State Legislatures. The community development schemes have also been extended to the Harijans to remove social and economic inequalities. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been given preferential treatment in schools, colleges and employers. On 14 January 2019, 10% reservation was also given to economically weaker sections of general cagetory.

4. Abolition of Zamindari: Zamindari is abolished and many steps have been taken for the welfare of small farmers.

5. Free and compulsory education: The State endeavoured to provide free and compulsory education to children. In many states free education is provided up to eighth standard.

6. Five-year plans: The basic aim of Five-Year Plans is to remove poverty, unemployment and to raise the standard of living of the people. The Five-Year Plans have evolved programmes of minimum needs, particularly for the weaker sections of the society.

7. Antyodaya: In many states, Antyodaya scheme has been adopted. The aim of Antyodaya scheme is to help the poorest people so that their minimum needs are fulfilled.

8. Many steps have been taken for the promotion of cottage and small-scale industries.

9. The government has tried to provide living wage, good conditions of work and reasonable standards of living to all the workers.

10. The government has adopted various programmes of social welfare. However, the goal of the socialistic pattern of society has yet to be achieved. In order to achieve the social justice, the government has to work for speedy economic growth and has to do a lot of things for the welfare of weaker sections of the society.

Question 4. 
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Answer: 
All cultures and traditions have grappled with questions of justice although they may have interpreted the concept in different ways. For instance, in ancient Indian society, justice was associated with dharma and maintaining dharma or a just social order, was considered to be a primary duty of kings. In China, Confucius, the famous philosopher argued that kings should maintain justice by punishing wrong doers and rewarding the virtuous. In fourth century B.C. Athens (Greece), Plato discussed issues of justice  in his book Republic. Through a long dialogue between Socrates and his young friends, Glaucon and Adeimantus, Plato examined why we should be concerned about justice. 

The young people asked Socrates why we should be just. They observed that people who were unjust seemed to be much better off than those who were just. Those who twisted rules to serve their interests, avoided paying taxes and were willing to lie and be deceitful, were often more successful than those who were truthful and just. If one were smart enough to avoid being caught, then it would seem that being unjust is better than being just. You may have heard people expressing similar sentiments even today.
(i) What is Justice?
(ii) Confucius belonged to which country?
(iii) ‘Republic’ book is written by which thinker?
Answer: 
(i) The word ‘justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Jus’ which means, bond or tie. It means, justice is that system where all individuals are related to each other. Justice is connected with the fact as to what type of moral, social, economic, political and legal relations an individual has with the other individual. In modern political science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with soical welfare.
(ii) Confucius belonged to China.
(iii) ‘Republic’ book is written by Plato.

Question 5. 
Look at the given picture and answer the following questions:

1. Write down the name of the gentleman shown in the picture.
2. When was he born?
3. Which committee he presided over of Constituent Assembly?

Answer: 

1. The name of the gentleman shown in the picture is Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
2. He was born on 14th April, 1891.
3. He was presided over Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly.

Question 6. 
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
‘Justice’ is of utmost importance in Political Science. Its esxistence is as ancient as the human society. Several scholars have defined justice differently in every age. The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from latin word ‘Jus’ which means a bond or tie. It means, Justice is that system wherein all the individuals are related to each other. In modern terms of political science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare. Main definitions of justice are mentioned below:
According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”

6.1. What is of utmost importance in Political Science?
(a) Truth 
(b) Justice
(c) Newspaper 
(d) Magazine
Answer: 
(b) Justice

6.2. The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from which language?
(a) Hindi 
(6) Latin
(c) English 
(d) Greek
Answer: 
(b) Latin

6.3. The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from which Latin word?
(a) Law 
(b) Status
(c) Jus 
(d) Rights
Answer: 
(c) Jus 

6.4. What is the meaning of word ‘Jus’?
(a) Bond or tie 
(b) Right
(c) City 
(d) Country
Answer: 
(a) Bond or tie 

HOTS QUESTIONS 

Question 1. 
Write a note on Truth.
Answer: 
Truth is the basic postulate of the Justice. Truth means exact presentation of an incident. Justice demands objectively that we should be truthful in relating facts concerned with subject-matter.

Question 2. 
What do you know about equality before law?
Answer: 
In order to secure social justice the Constitution declares all the citizen to be equal in the eyes of law. Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees all citizens equality before the law and equal protection of laws.

Question 3. 
What do you know about numerical concept of justice?
Answer: 
According to British utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, “Everyone is to count for one, nobody for more than one”. This statement of Bentham may be considered as the core of the concept of Numerical Justice. Numerical Justice gives equal share to all. Numerical Justice emphasises that none should be given preferential treatment. Numerical Justice opposes inequality. It means even unequal would be treated as equal. The Greek city states took
 
the rule so far that many offices were filled by lot. Modern liberal democracies are also based on this principle. Numerical Justice is sometimes called democratice justice. Numerical Justice is opposed to the geometrical concept of justice. While the Numerical Justice emphasises on equal share to all, the geometrical concept of justice means, “equal share to equals and unequal to unequals”.

Question 4. 
What do you know about Geometric concept of Justice?
Answer: 
Plato and Aristotle were the two main supporters of the geometric concept of justice. According to this concept, the rights or powers should be allotted to persons on the basis of their merits, qualification, talent and their attitude towards State. Aristotle is against natural equality. He asserted that a person should get as much regard and position as much ability he has. According to the geometrical concept only those person should rule who have ability and eligibility for that. To conclude this concept means, “Equal share to equals and unequal to unequals”. Geometrical justice is also equated with aristocratic Justice. 

SELF-EVALUATION TEST

1. From which language the word ‘Jus’ is taken?
2. Which type of Justice is given priority in the Preamble of Indian Constitution? 
3. What is the meaning of Economic Justice? 
4. Who said that, “Justice means to give every individual his due share”? 
5. Mention any two postulates of Justice. 
6. What is implied by social justice? 
7. Discuss the importance of social justice. 
8. Do you agree that the majority of people are denied social justice in India? Discuss. 
9. Explain the term ‘Justice’. 
10. Discuss the meaning and importance of social justice. 
11. What do you mean by social justice? Do you agree that a majority of people are denied social justice in india? Discuss. 
12. What is distributive Justice? 
13. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions:  

• Write down the name of the gentleman shown in the picture.
• When was he born?
• Which committee he presided over of Constituent Assembly?

14. Define the term ‘Justice’. Discuss the fundamental postulates of justice. 
15. Discuss different dimensions of justice. 
16. Describe the two major concepts of justice in the context of history of ideas.