RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World 

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1. 
How do the Dhangars earn their livelihood ?
(a) Selling blankets 
(b) Agriculture 
(c) Silk production 
(d) Transport
Answer:
(a) Selling blankets 

Question 2. 
In which year Maasailand was scrambled by Colonial powers for territorial possessions
(a) 1885 
(b) 1991
(c) 1985
(d) 1779
Answer:
(a) 1885 

Question 3. 
Nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another because of
(a) Seasonal change 
(b) their mobile nature
(c) Poor background 
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Seasonal change 

Question 4.
The life of pastoralists greatly changed under colonial rule. These changes were
(a) Their grazing grounds shrank
(b) Their movements were regulated
(c) They had to pay increased taxes
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 5. 
When was the criminal Tribes Act passed ?
(a) 1878 
(b) 1871 
(c) 1889 
(d) 1890
Answer:
(b) 1871 

Question 6. 
Why did the Colonial Government introduce the grazing tax in the mid-19th Century ?
(a) To expand revenue
(b) To ban cattle herder from entering grazing tracts
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 7. 
What percentage of the grazing lands did Maasai lose when European imperial powers divided Africa into different colonies
(a) 50% 
(b) 49% 
(c) 80% 
(d) 60%
Answer:
(d) 60%

Question 8. 
The world ‘Maasi’ is derived from the word ‘Maa\ ‘Maasai’ means
(a) My people 
(b) Mother and People
(c) Their people 
(d) Tribal people
Answer:
(a) My people 

Question 9. 
Which of the following pastoral nomads is not found in the mountains ?
(a) Gaddi shepherds 
(b) Raikas 
(c) Gujjar Bakarwals 
(d) Bhotiyas
Answer:
(b) Raikas 

Question 10. 
Wasteland Rules were enacted by the colonial officials in order to
(a) Harass the pastrolists of India
(b) Uplift the conditions of pastrolists
(c) Turn the uncultivated lands into cultivable lands
(d) Turn cultivable land into forests
Answer:
(c) Turn the uncultivated lands into cultivable lands

Question 11. 
The spring crop, usually harvested after March
(a) Rabi 
(b) Kharif 
(c) Staple food 
(d) Grains
Answer:
(a) Rabi 

Question 12. 
Lower ends of grain stalks left in the ground after harvesting
(a) Kharif 
(b) Stem
(c) Stubble 
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Stubble 

Question 13. 
In which years the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists ?
(a) 1850 
(b) 1880 
(c) 1890
(d) 1860
Answer:
(b) 1880 

Question 14. 
Name the place where the Gujjar cattle herders live
(a) Mandi 
(b) Bugyal 
(c) Dhandi
(d) Gujjar Mandap
Answer:
(d) Gujjar Mandap

Question 15. 
The pastrolists of Karnataka are
(a) The Kurumas 
(b) Gaddis 
(c) The Gollas
(d) Khokars
Answer:
(c) The Gollas

Question 16. 
Name the products traded by the Maasai
(a) Milk and Meat 
(b) Animal skin 
(c) Wool 
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 17. 
These were the pastoral communities of African
(a) Bedouins 
(b) Berbers Somali 
(c) Turkana 
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.  
................ is diy forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kumaun.
Answer:
Bhabar 

Question 2. 
Vast meadows in the high mountains are known as ................ 
Answer:
Bugyal 

Question 3. 
Bhotiya tribe belong to ................
Answer:
Himalayas 

Question 4. 
Maharashtra state is inhabited by ................
Answer:
Dhangar 

Question 5.  
................ and ................ region is inhabited by Gujjar Bakarwals 
Answer:
Jammu and Kashmir

True or False:

Question 1. 
After the partition of India and Pakistan the raikas have been migrating to Haryana.
Answer:
True 

Question 2. 
Nomads is a group of several households who move together for a journey. ,
Answer:
False 

Question 3. 
Bedouins, Berbers, Somali, Boran are the pastoral communities of Africa. ;
Answer:
True 

Question 4. 
Kharif crops are sown in April and harvested in December.
Answer:
False 

Question 5. 
Customary rights are the rights, the people are used to by custom and tradition.
Answer:
 True
 

Match the Column:

Column A	Column B
(1) Pastoral community of Maharashtra	(a) Maasai
(2) Pastoral tribe of Kenya	(b) Mustard and Wheat
(3) Paddy and Maize	(c) The warriors
(4) Younger people of Maasai	(d) Bhotiya
(5) Rabi crops	(e) Kharif crop

Answer:

Column A	Column B
(1) Pastoral community of Maharashtra	(d) Bhotiya
(2) Pastoral tribe of Kenya	(a) Maasai
(3) Paddy and Maize	(e) Kharif crops
(4) Younger people of Maasai	(c) The warriors
(5) Rabi crops	(b) Mustard and Wheat

 

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question  1. 
How did the Gaddis earn their livelihood?
Answer:
They sold milk, ghee and other products.

Question  2. 
Name the regions of the cyclic movement of Kurumas and Kurubas.
Answer:
The Kurumas and Kurubas lived in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In the dry season they moved near the coast and left when the rains came.

Question 3.
Pastoralists in the* Modern World Which Pastoralist nomads live in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
The pastoralist nomads who lived in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were :

1. The Gollas
2. Kurumas and Kurubas

Question 4.
Why were the British officials suspicious of the nomadic people? Give one reason.
Answer:
The British officials were suspicious of the nomadic people because they distrusted mobile craftmen and traders who sold their goods in villages, and pastoralists who changed their places of residence every season. They were considered as criminals. 

Question 5.
Why were Dhangars welcomed by the Konkani peasants?
Answer:
After the kharif crops had been harvested, the field had to be fertilised for the rabi crops. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble. Dhangars were also given supplies of rice which they supplied to the plateau where grain was scarce. 

Question 6.
Why did the Dhangars leave the Konkan and coastal areas before the onset of monsoon?
Answer:
The Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas before the onset of monsoon because the sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.

Question 7.
What are ‘Kharif and ‘rabi’ crops?
Answer:
Kharif is the autumn crop, usually harvested between September and October. Rabi is the spring crop, usually harvested after March.

Question 8.
What is Gujjar Mandap?
Answer:
A Gujjar Mandap is a place where the Gujjar cattle herders live. It is made of ringal and grass. A mandap was also a workplace, where the Gujjars made ghee for the purpose of sale.

Question 9.
What defined the seasonal rhythms of the movement of the pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
It was the alternation of the monsoon and dry season which defined the seasonal rhythms of the movement of pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In dry season they moved to the coastal areas and left when the rains came.

Question 10.
Who are the Banjaras? Where are they found?
Answer:
Banjaras are a well known group of graziers. They are found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 11.
How did the Banjaras earn their living?
Answer:
By selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.

Question 12.
Where did the Raikas live? What is their occupation?
Answer:
Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. Harvest fluctuated every year and no crop could be grown over large areas. So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.

Question 13.
Who are Maru Raikas? What is their settlement called?
Answer:
The camel herders in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan are called Maru (desert) Raikas, and their settlement is called a Dhandi. 

Question  14. 
Name two places in Rajasthan where camel fairs are held.
Answer:
The camel fairs are held at Balotra and Pushkar.

Question  15. 
What kind of forests were declared as ‘Reserved Forests’?
Answer:
The forests that produced commercially valuable timber like sal and deodar were declared as Reserved Forests.

Question  16. 
What was the extent of area of Maasailand before colonial times?
Answer:
Before colonial period, Maasailand extended over a vast area from north Kenya to the steppes of north Tanzania.

Question  17. 
What happened to Maasailand in 1885?
Answer:
In 1885, the colonial powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Africa. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The Maasai lost 60 per cent of their pre-colonial land. 

Question  18. 
What does the title ‘Maasai’ mean? What did they depend on for subsistence? 
Answer:
The title “Maasai’ is derived from the world ‘maa’. Maa-sai mean ‘My People’. Maasai are nomadic and pastorol people who depend on milk and meat for subsistence.

Question  19. 
State two measures introduced by the British to administer the affairs of the Maasai.
Answer:
(a) They appointed chiefs Of different sub-groups of Maasai, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe. 
(b) The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.

Question 20.
What is meant by kafila?
Answer:
Kafila is a group of several households who move together for a journey.

Question  21. 
Name any four state regions in India where pastoral nomadism is practised. 
Answer:

1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Maharashtra
3. Uttar Pradesh
4. Himachal Pradesh.

Question  22. 
Give two factors for pastoral communities being nomadic.
Answer:
Pastorals communities are nomadic because :

1. It enables them to survive in bad times and avoids crisis in difficult terrain.
2. Continuous movement was also essential because of exhaustion of pastime and also it allowed the pastures to recover.

Short Answer type Questions:

Question  1. 
Gujjar Bakarwals (pastoral community) hail from which state? Describe briefly about the Gujjar Bakarwals. :
Answer:

1. Gujjar Bakarwals hail from the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
2. They got settled in Jammu and Kashmir around the 19th century. They were great herders of goat and sheep.
3. They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds,
4. During winter, they five with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. Pastoralists in the Modern World
5. By the end of April they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds.
6. They cross Pir Panjal and reach Kashmir valley.
7. By the end of September again they are on the move back to their winter base. 

Question  2. 
Who are Gujjar Bakarwals and Gaddis? What are the similarities between them?
Answer:
(i) Gujjar Bakarwals and Gaddis are pastoral communities of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh respectively.
(ii) Similarities:
(a) Region: Both of the communities spend their winter in the low hills of Siwalik range, grazing their flocks in scrub forests.
(b) Animals reared: The animals they rear are goats and sheep.
(c) Movement pattern: They follow a similar cycle of seasonal movement.
(d) Reason for movement: They move in search of pastures for their animals. 
(e) Both with the onset of summer in April, move northwards. By September, again both move to their winter base.

Question  3. 
Trace the annual cycle of seasonal movement of the Dhangars.
Answer:
Factors responsible for annual movement of Dhangars are as follow :

1. During the monsoon, they stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra.
2. Dhangars moved from central plateau of Maharashtra during October- November due to shortage of fodder.
3. They moved to Konkan which is a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil.
4. The locals or Konkani peasants welcomed them as their fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest.
5. Dhangar’s flock manured the fields and fed on the stubble. The Konkani peasants gave them supply of rice which they took back to the plateau.
6. With the onset of the monsoon the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau because sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon condition.

Question  4. 
Differentiate between annual movement of the Gollas of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:

Gollas of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh	Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir
1. They move according to the arrival and departure of the monsoon.	1. They move according to the winter and summer season.
2. In the dry season they move to the coastal areas and leave when the rains come.	2. In cold weather they move to low hills and in hot season they move back to high altitudes.

Question  5. 
Discuss about the Kurumas and Kurubas community. 
Answer:

1. Kurubas are the pastoralist community of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
2. They reared sheep and goats and sold woven blanket.
3. They lived near the woods to cultivate small patch of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
4. Their movement is dependent on arrival and departure of monsoon. In the dry season they moved to the coastal areas and leave when rains come.

Question  6. 
“The life of pastoral groups was sustained by a careful consideration of a host of factors.” Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area and know where they could find water and pasture.
2. They needed to calculate the timing of their movements and ensure that they could move through different territories.
3. They had to set up a relationship with farmers for mutual benefits.
4. Hence they combined a range of different activitiescultivation, trade, herding to make their living.

Question  7. 
How did the British affect the role of elders and warriors of the maasai community?
Answer:

1. British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of maasai who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
2. The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.
3. Hence the traditional authority of both elders and warriors was adversely affected.

Question  8. 
Discuss the role and status of the chief appointed by the colonial government in Maasai Community.
Answer:

1. The chiefhad an important role in regulating the affairs of Maasai community.
2. The chiefhad a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and lands.
3. They lent money to poor neighbours.
4. Many of them began living in towns and involved in trade.
5. They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income.

Question  9. 
Explain the classification of forests done by the Britishers in India. What was. its impact on the lives of the pastoralists? Mention any three points.
Answer:
The British classified the forests in the following categories:
(a) Reserved Forests : 
The forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were declared as ‘reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests.

(b) Protected Forests : 
In these forests, some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were strictly restricted, as the officials believed grazing destroyed young shoots of trees.

Impact:

• These acts changed the lives of Pastoralists as they were prevented from entering many forests.
• Cattle stock reduced.
• Economic Condition also adversely affected.

Question  10. 
“The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels.” Mention them.
Answer:
Two levels of social changes are :

• The traditional difference based on age, between the elders and warriors was disturbed, though it did not break down entirely.
• A new distinction between the wealthy and poor pastoralists developed.

Question  11. 
Write a short note on ‘The Criminal Tribes Act 1871’.
Answer:

• It was passed in 1871. According to this act many communities of craftmen, traders and Pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes.
• Once this act came into force, these communities were expected to five in only notified village settlement.
• They were not allowed to move without a permit.

Question  12. 
Why did the British introduced ‘Waste Land Rules’?
Answer:

• The British wanted to convert all grazing lands into cultivable farms to increase its revenue collection.
• It could also produce jute, cotton, wheat and other agriculture produce that was needed in England.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question  1. 
Write in brief about nomadic shepherds found in different parts of India.
Answer:
Nomadic shepherds were found in different parts of India - mountains, plateaus, plains and deserts.
A. In the mountains :

1. The gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them migrated to this region in search of pastures for their animals. In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. In summer they again go to high hills.
2. The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh had a similar cycle of seasonal movement like Gujjar Bakarwals.
3. In Garhwal and Kumaon, the Gujjar cattle herders came down to the dry . forests of the bhabar in the winter, and went up to the high meadows - the bugyals - in summer.
4. This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas, including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris.

B.In the plateau :
(i) Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. Most of them were shepherds, some were blanket weavers, and still others were buffalo herders. The Dhangar shepherds stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon becasue in the monsoon this tract became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October the ‘ Dhangars harvested their bajra and stay in Konkan region.

(ii) The Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas lived in Karnataka and they reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. In monsoon they stay in Karnataka but in dry season they moved to the coastal tracts, and left when the rains came.

C. In the plains:

(i) Banjaras were to be found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distances, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.

D. In the desert:
In the desert of Rajasthan lived the Raikas. During the monsoons, the Raikas used to live in their home villages of Banner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur. By October, they moved out in search of other pasture and water, and returned again during the next monsoon. Usually they herded camels, sheep and goat.

Question  2. 
Write note on the Gujjar - Bakarwal community of Jammu and Kashmir. 
Answer:
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth century in search of pastures for their animals. Gradually, over the decades, they established themselves in the area. They moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range.

In the winter, dry shrubs found in the lowlands become fodder for their animals. By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. Several households came together for this journey, forming what is known as a kafila. They crossed the Pir Panjal passes and entered the valley of Kashmir. With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountain sides were lush green.

The variety of grasses that sprouted provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds. By end September the Bakarwals were on the move again, this time on their downward journey, back to their winter base. When the high mountains were covered with snow, they again went back to low hills.

Question  3. 
What changes occured in the life of the shepherds under the colonial rule?
Answer:
Following changes occured in the life of the shepherds under the colonial hale:

1. The colonial government transformed all grazing lands into cultivated farms. When grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of pastureland declined.
2. Through Forest Acts many forests were declared as ‘Reserved’ and  ‘Protected’.These Forest Acts affected the lives of pastoralists badly. Now they were forced to find new pastures. As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, grazing lands came to be continuously used and the quality of patures declined.
3. To control the movement of many communities government enacted the • ‘Criminal Tribes Act’ which banned their movement in many areas, which severely affected their lives.
4. To expand its revenue income, the colonial government introduced grazing 
5. tax in the mid-nineteenth century. Due to which the situation of the shepherds became worse. -
6. In this situation, many shepherds went under heavy debts, and due to non¬payment of debts and interest, they lost their livestock and they remained as labour.

Question  4. 
How did the pastoralists cope with the changes occurred during colonial rule?
Answer:
The pastoralists cope with the changes in following ways :
(i) Reduction in number of cattle : 
When grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, then many pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds.

(ii) New grazing ground: 
Lack of pastures forced many nomadic shepherds to find new pastures. For example- after India’s division in 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could no longer move into Sindh and graze their camels on the banks of the Indus, as they had done earlier. The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement. So they had to find new places to go. In recent years they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. This is the time that the fields need manure that the animals provide.

(iii) New Business opportunity : 
Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, others took to more extensive trading. Many poor pastoralists, on the other hand, borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. At times they lost their cattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.

Question  5. 
ow did the decisions taken by the British government in the colonial period affected the Maasai society?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the British government in the colonial period affected the Maasai society in following ways :
(i) Fall of traditional authority: After the decision of the British, maasai society changed in many ways. In pre-colonial times Maasai society was divided into two social categories - elders and warriors. Britishers appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe. After this they imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare. Consequently, the traditional authority of both elders and warriors was adversely affected.

(ii) Rich section of maasai community: 
The chiefs appointed by the colonial government often accumulated wealth over time with which they could buy animals, goods and land. They lent money to poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes. Many of them began living in towns, and became involved in trade. Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals. These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought. They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and ' could buy animals when their stock was depleted.

(iii) Poor section of maasai community : 
Condition of poor pastoralists who depended only on their livestock was not good. Most often, they did not have the resources to tide over bad times. In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything. They had to go looking for work in the towns. Some eked out a living as charcoal burners, others did odd jobs. The lucky could get more regular work in road or building construction.

The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels. First, the traditional difference based on age, between the elders and warriors, was disturbed, though it did not break down entirely. Second, a new distinction between the wealthy and poor pastoralists developed.