RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1. 
Germany fought the ‘First World War’ against 
(a) England 
(b) France 
(c) Russia 
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) France 

Question 2. 
Who were considered as inferiors and undesirable by Nazi Germany ?
(a) Jews
(b) Gypsies and Blacks
(c) Russians and Poles 
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Gypsies and Blacks

Question 3. 
What were the children taught in Germany under the Nazis ?
(a) To hate Jews    
(b) To be loyal and submissive
(c) To worship Hitler    
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) To be loyal and submissive

Question 4. 
Ghettos were
(a) Political Organisation 
(b) Areas where Jews lived
(c) Area of mass killing 
(d) Schools of Jews
Answer:
(b) Areas where Jews lived

Question 5.
What does the Reichstag mean ?
(a) German Coin 
(b) German State
(c) German Parliament
(d) German Currency
Answer:
(c) German Parliament

Question 6. 
This is the name of the Ghettos
(a) Lodz 
(b) Reichstag
(c) Concentration Camp 
(d) Poland
Answer:
(a) Lodz 

Question 7.
The disinfection areas were
(a) Ghettos 
(b) Holocaust
(c) Gas chambers 
(d) Gestapo
Answer:
(c) Gas chambers 

Question 8. 
Name the most infamous film about the Jews
(a) Two Treaties 
(b) My Country My Pride
(c) Life in Ghettos 
(d) The Eternal Jew
Answer:
(d) The Eternal Jew

Question 9. 
In which year Nazi Party become the largest Party with 37 percent votes
(a) 1932  
(b) 1930 
(c) 1933 
(d) 1940
Answer:
(a) 1932 

Question 10. 
In Nazi Germany 10 years old boys had to enter
(a) Ghettos 
(b) Gestapo 
(c) Jungvolk 
d) Chambers
Answer:
(c) Jungvolk 

Question 11. 
In September 1940 a Tripartite Pact was signed between
(a) Germany, France and Poland 
(b) Germany, Italy and Japan
(c) Germany, Italy and US 
(d) Germany, England and France
Answer:
(b) Germany, Italy and Japan

Question 12. 
In which year Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland
(a) 1938 
(b) 1936 
(c) 1931 
(d) 1939
Answer:
(b) 1936 

Question 13. 
The wall street Exchange crashed in year
(a) 1932
(b) 1940 
(c) 1929
(d) 1928
Answer:
(c) 1929

Question 14. 
The Americans intervened and bailed Germany out of the crisis by introducing
(a) Versailles 
(b) Hyperinflation
(c) Dawes Plan 
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Hyperinflation

Question 15. 
The crisis of Germany after the first world war named as
(a) Dawes 
(b) Holocaust
(c) Hyperinflation
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Hyperinflation

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1. 
........... was the name given to mass killings of the Jews under Hitler’s regime.
Answer:
Special Treatment 

Question 2. 
Incident of Germany’s attack on............ was the main reason of Second World War.
Answer:
Poland 

Question 3. 
Enabling Act was passed in Germany on............ 
Answer:
3rd March 1933 

Question 4. ..........
offered the chancellorship to Hitler on 30 January, 1933.
Answer:
President Hindenburg 

Question 5. 
US dropped the first atom bomb in............ , a city in Japan.
Answer:
Hiroshima

True or False:

Question 1. 
Article 51 of the Weimar constitution gave the president the power to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Helmuth’s father had been a Nazi and supporter of Adolf Hitler.
Answer:
True

Question 3. 
The German Parliament or Reichstag, was elected on the basis of eQuestionual and universal votes cast by all adults including women.
Answer:
True

Question 4. 
Germany, Italy and Japan were included in allied powers in World War II.
Answer:
False

Question 5. 
rance used atomic bombs during world war II against Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Answer: 
False 

Match the column

Column A	Column B
(1) German Parliament	(a) Auschwitz
(2) Nazi party	(b) 1922
(3) Dawes Plan	(c) Reichstag
(4) UK and France	(d) Allied Powers
(5) Youth league of Nazis	(e) National Socialist German workers party

Answer: 

Column A	Column B
(1) German Parliament	(a) Reichstag
(2) Nazi party	(b) National Socialist German workers party
(3) Dawes Plan	(c) (a) Auschwitz
(4) UK and France	(d) Allied Powers
(5) Youth league of Nazis	(e) 1922

 

Very Short Answer Type Questionuestions:

Question 1.
Who was Helmuth?
Answer: 
Helmuth, was an eleven-year-old German boy who overheard his parent’s discussion on whether the entire family should be killed or only his father should commit suicide.

Question 2. 
Nazism was a system.’ Why?
Answer: 
Nazism did not consist of few isolated acts. It was a structure of ideas about the world and politics.

Question 3. 
Who was Goebbels? How did Hitler and Goebbels meet their end?
Answer:
Goebbels was the propaganda minister of Hitler. They, along with Goebbels’ family committed suicide collectively in Hitler’s Berlin bunker in April 1945.

Question 4. 
Why was International Military Tribunal set up at Nuremberg, at the end of the war?
Answer: 
The International Military Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg by the Allies to prosecute Nazi war criminals for Crimes against Peace, for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.

Question 5. 
How did Nazis kill the innocent people?
Answer: 
They devised an unprecedented means of killing people, i.e., by gassing them in numerous killing centres like Auschwitz.

Question 6.
 What was the attitude of the Allied Powers at the Nuremberg Tribunal?
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. Many were imprisoned for life. The Allies had a lenient attitude towards Germany. The Allies did not want to be harsh on Germany, as they had been after the First World War.

Question 7.
Name the countries which formed the Allied powers.
Answer:
 At the beginning of the Second World War, Allied powers were led by U.K. and France. In 1941 they were joined by USSR and USA. 

Question 8.
What was the result of First World War for Germany?
Answer: 
Germany and the central powers were defeated in November 1918. Germany had to sign the humiliating Treaty of Versailles. 

Question 9. 
What events made an opportunity for parliamentary parties to recast German polity?
Answer:
 The defeat of imperial Germany and abdication of the emperor led to recast German polity.

Question 10.
 What was the nature of the government formed in Germany at Weimar?
Answer: 
The government formed at Weimar was a democratic republic.

Question 11.
 How were the deputies elected under the Weimar constitution?
Answer: 
Deputies were elected to the German parliament or Reichstag on the basis of eQuestionual and universal votes cast by all adults including women.

Question 12. 
Why was the Weimar Republic not received well by its own people?
Answer: 
The Weimar Republic was not received well by its own people because of the terms it had to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War.

Question 13.
 What was the War Guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:
 The War Guilt clause, in the Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for the War and damages suffered by the Allied Powers.

Question 14. 
Who were mockingly called the ‘November criminals?
Answer: 
Socialists, Catholics and Democrats were called the ‘November Criminals’.

Question 15. 
The media glorified trench life’. What was the actual truth about trench life?
Answer: 
Although the media glorified trench life, the soldiers lived a miserable life, trapped with rats feeding on corpses. They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling.

Question 16.
Who founded the Communist Party of Germany?
Answer: 
The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.

Question 17. 
Mention the reason for economic crisis in 1923.
Answer: 
Germany depended largely on loans for fighting in wars and for this they had to pay war reparations in gold.

Question 18. 
What steps were taken by the French when Germany refused to pay its gold reserves in 1923?
Answer: 
French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal when Germany refused to pay its reparation payment in 1923.

Question 19. 
What do you mean by hyperinflation?
Answer: 
t is a situation when prices rise phenomenally high. For instances, Germans paid cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf bread.

Question 20. 
What is Wall Street Exchange?
Answer: 
It is the name of the world’s biggest stock exchange located in USA.

Question 21.
Define Proletarianisation.
Answer: 
It is a fear of being reduced to the ranks of the working class or be unemployed.

Question 22.
What is proportional representation?
Answer:
 It is an electoral system in which each political group gains a number of seats in the legislature that is in proportion to the number of votes it wins.

Question 23.
 What was Article 48 in the Weimar constitution?
Answer: 
Article 48, in the Weimar constitution gave the President the powers to impose
Nazism and the Rise of Hitler emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

Question 24. 
Name the party renamed by Hitler.
Answer: 
In 1919, Hitler joined a small group called German Workers’ Party. SubseQuestionuently, he took over the organisation and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This party later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

Question 25. 
How did Nazism become a mass movement?
Answer: 
During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement because Nazi propaganda gave hopes of a better future. By 1932, it became the largest party with 37 percent votes.

Question 26. 
How did Hitler get the support of the Germans?
Answer: 
Hitler was a very good orator, who could draw the attention of the people and impress them with his words. He promised to build a strong nation and wipe out the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles. He promised employment.

Question 27. 
When did President Hindenburg offer Chancellorship to Hitler? How did he use his powers?
Answer: 
On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship to Hitler. It was the highest position in the cabinet of ministers. Hitler took steps to dismantle the structures of democratic rule. '

Question 28. 
What was the Fire Decree of 28 February, 1933?
Answer: 
The Fire Decree of 28 February, 1933 suspended civil rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly for an indefinite period, which were guaranteed under the Weimar constitution.

Question 29. 
Who were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazis?
Answer: 
The Communists were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Question 30. 
What was the Enabling Act (3 March 1933)?
Answer: 
The Enabling Act, passed on 3 March 1933, established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to rule by decree.

Short Answer Type Questionuestions:

Question 1. 
Explain the birth of Weimar Republic ?
Answer: 

1. In the First World War Germany defeated and the imperial dynasty of Germany also collapsed.
2. The removal of the emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity and establish a democratic rule.
3. A national assembly met at Weimar and prepared a democratic constitution with federal structure.
4. Deputies were now elected to the German Parliament on the basis of eQuestionual and universal votes, cast by all adults and Weimar republic came into existence.

Question 2. 
State some reasons responsible for the failure of Weimar republic ?
Answer: 
Three factors were :

1. The Weimar Republic was fragile politically. 
2. The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects which made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship.
3. Due to proportional representation one party rule became a near impossible task, leading to a rule by coalitions.
4. Another defect was Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
5. Within a short period of time, many governments changed and this made people lose confidence in the democratic parliamentary system.

Question 3. 
The Treaty of Versailles sowed the seeds of second world war. Justify the statement.

Or

Highlight major terms of the ‘Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: 

1. After Germany’s defeat in the First World War, the Peace Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany by the Allies, it was harsh and humiliating peace.
2. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population and 13% of territories, 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark, Lithuania.
3. Germany was a mighty empire but now the allied powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power.
4. The war guilty clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the allied countries suffered. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £ 6 billion.
5. The allied armies also occupied by the resource with Rhineland for much of the 1920’s 

Question 4. 
The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity’. Justify the statement.
Answer: 

1. Soldiers came to be placed above civiliAnswer: Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.
2. The media glorified trench life. .
3. Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage . in the Public sphere, popular support grew for conservative dictatorship that had recently come into being.

Question 5. 
What do you understand by November criminals?
Answer:
Many Germans held the new Weimar republic responsible for the disgrace at Versailles but some supported the Weimar republic such as socialists, catholics and democrats.These became easy target of attacks in the conservative nationalist circles. They were mockingly called as the November criminals.

Question 6. 
Describe the impact of Economic Depression of 1929-32 on Germany.
Answer: 

1. The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis. By 1932 industrial production was reduced to 40% of the 1929 level.
2. Workers lost their jobs or paid reduced wages.
3. The number of unemployed workers touched to six million. As jobs disappeared the youth took to criminal activities and total despair become common place.
4. The middle classes, salaried employees and pensioners saw their savings diminished when the currency lost its value.
5. Small businessmen, the self employed and the retailors suffered as their businesses got ruined.
6. The large mass of peasantry was afFected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices and women, unable to fill their children’s stomachs, 

were filled with a sense of deep despair.

Question 7. 
What was the impact of the great economic depression of 1929-1932 on USA?
Answer: 

1. The Wall Street exchange crashed in 1929. On one single day 24th October, 13 million shares were sold.
2. The National income of the USA fell by half.
3. Factories shut down, exports fell down, farmers were badly hit and speculators withdraw their money from the market.

Question 8. 
How did Hitler reconstruct Germany?
Answer: 

1. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist . Hjalmar Schacht. tB . 
2. Schacht aimed at full production and full employment through state funded work creation programme. The project produced the famous German Superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen.
3. In foreign policy also, Hitler had Questionuick successes. He reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938.
4. Hence he got success at home and abroad which seemed to reverse the destiny of the country.
5. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territories  

Question 9.
 Examine the features of racial hierarchy promoted by Hitler in Nazi Germany.
Answer: 

1. According to Nazi ideology there was no eQuestionuality between people but only a racial hierarchy.
2. Blond blue eyed nordic german aryans were placed at the top level while the Jews were placed at the lowest level.
3. All other coloured people were placed in between depending upon their  external features.
4. Hitler’s racism was based on the theory of evaluation and natural selection which were given by Darwin and Spencer.
5. The Nazi argument was very simple the strongest race would survive and the weak would perish.
6. The Aryan race was the fittest and the strongest. It had to retain its purity, become still stronger and dominate the world.

Question 10. 
Enlist the features of Hitler’s geopolitical concept of lebensraum.
Answer: 

1. Lebensraum means living space. Hitler’s ideology was based on this concept.
2. According to this ideology new territories had to be acQuestionuired for settlement.
3. Such a territorial extension would increase the area of mother country and it would enhance the strength and the prestige.

Question 11.
What was the concept of desirable and undesirable in Nazi ideology? 
Answer: 

1. Nazis wanted only a Society of pure and healthy nordic aryans they were , considered desirable.
2. Only desirable were seen as worthy of prospering and multiplying against all other desirable classes.
3. While those Germans who were seen as abnormal, Jews, Gypsies they all were considered as racial inferior and undesirable.

Question 12.
Explain the factors that forced the USA to enter the Second World War?
Answer: 

1. Japan was expanding its powers in the East.
2. It had occupied French, Indo-China and was planning attacks on US Naval base in the Pacific.
3. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US naval base at Pearl Horbour, the US then entered the World War II.

Question 13.
Schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’ under Nazism. Analyse the statement.
Answer: 

1. This meant that teachers who were Jews or seen as politicaly unreliable were dismissed.
2. Undesirable children Jews the physically handicapped, gypsies were thrown out of schools.
3. Finally in the 1940’s they were taken to the gas chambers.
4. Children were first segregated. Germans and Jews could not sit and play together.

Question 14. 
Write a short note on ‘Nazi Youth Organisation.
Answer: 
(i)Youth organisations were provided responsibility to educate German youth in the Spirit of National Socialism Ten years olds had to enter Jungvolk. At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi Youth Organisation or Hitler Youth where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy and hate jews. Communists, gypsies and all those categorised as undesirable. After a period of rigorous ideological and physical training they joined the labour Service.Then they had to serve in the armed forces and enter one of the Nazi Organisation.

Question 15. 
Who wrote the book ‘The Third Reich of Dreams. What did author describe in the book?
Answer: 

1. Charlotte Beradt wrote this book.
2. She describes how Jews themselves began believing in the Nazi Stereotypes about them. 
3. They dreamt of their hooked noses, black hair and eyes, Jewish look and body movements.
4. The stereotypical images publicised in the Nazi press haunted the Jews.
5. They troubled them even in their dreams. Jews died many deaths even before they reached the gas chamber.

Question 16.
Explain how women were treated in Nazi Germany if they deviated from the prescribed code of conduct.
Answer: 

1. In this situation they were publicly condemned and punished.
2. Those who maintained contact with Jews, Poles and Russian were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces and placards hanging around their neck announcing ‘I have sullied the honour of nation.

Question 17. 
Show the effect on Germany of her refusal to pay war compensation : in 1923.
Answer: 

1. The French occupied Ruhr, the leading industrial and mineral rich area.
2. Germany retaliated with passive resistance and started to print paper currency recklessly. The value of the German Mark fell drastically due to too much printed currency's circulation.
3. Due to the fall in the value of mark, prices of goods soared and Germany fell into hyperinflation situation.

Question 18. 
Why did USA introduce the Dawes Plan?
Answer: 
Germany did not pay reparation payments to France, as a result France occupied Ruhr. Germany resisted and printed paper currency. The value of German mark gradually fell. The Americans intervened and introduced the Dawes Plan, which reworked the terms of reparation to ease the financial burden on Germany.

Question 19. 
Mention the views of ordinary people about Nazism.
Answer: 

1. Many saw the world through Nazi eyes, they felt hatred and anger when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.
2. They believed that Nazism would bring prosperity and improve general well being.
3. The large majority of Germans were passive on lookers they prefered to look away.

Question 20. 
Enlist some promises made by Hitler to German society?
Answer: 

1. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles
2. treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
3. He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future ' for the youth.
4. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.

Long Answer Type Questionuestions:

Question 1. 
Describe Hitler's foreign policy. What was its result?
Answer: 
Hitler was an aggressive leader. Even before coming to power, he promised to weed 
out all foreign influences and resist all foreign 'conspiracies' against Germany. He took the following steps under foreign policy

1. In foreign policy Hitler acQuestionuired Questionuick successes. He pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933.
2. He reoccupied Rhineland in 1936, integrated Austria and Germany in 1938.
3. He controlled Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia.
4. In 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.
5. In 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan. It provided strength to Hitler’s claim to International power.
6. Now Hitler moved to conQuestionuer Eastern Europe.
7. He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941.
8. Hitler exposed the German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the Soviet armies.
9. Germany defeated in May 1945. Result-Hitler's foreign policy led to the Second world war and pushed the entire world in which the Axis nations were finally defeated. In May 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allies, but before that in April 1945, Hitler committed suicide with his entire family in Berlin Bunker.

Question 2. 
How did Nazis start implementing the dream of establishing a Racial State?
Answer: 
Once in power, the Nazis Questionuickly began to implement their dream of creating on
exclusive racial community of pure germans by using following method

1. The Nazis began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were seen as ‘undesirable’ in the extended empire. Nazis wanted only a society of ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’. They alone were considered ‘desirable’.

2. Under the Euthanasia Programme, many Germans were killed who were considered mentally or physically unfit.

3. Many‘Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were considered as racial inferiors’ who threatened the biological purity of the superior Aryan’ race. They were widely persecuted. Even Russians and Poles were considered ‘ subhuman, and hence undeserving of any humanity.

4. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. Nazi hatred of Jews had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility towards Jews. They had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.Until medieval times Jews were barred from owning land. They survived mainly through trade and moneylending.

5. From 1933 to 1938 the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave the country. The next phase, 1939-1945, aimed at concentrating them in certain areas and eventually killing them in gas chambers in Poland.

6. Occupied poland was divided and completely destroyed by GermAnswer: Much of the north-western poland was annexed to Germany. Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties behind to be occupied by ethnic Germans brought in from occupied Europe. Poles were then herded like cattle in the other part called the General Government. Members of the Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large numbers in order to keep the entire people intellectually and spiritually servile.

Question 3. 
Describe the Hitler's Policy towards youth.

Or

Describe the condition of youth in nazi Germany.

Or
Discuss Hitler or Nazi's poly towards youth.
Answer: 
Following are the policies of Hitler or Nazi Germany towards youth
(i)  Control over children: 
He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by teaching children Nazi ideology. This reQuestionuired a control over the child both inside and outside school.

(ii) Purification of schools: 
All schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’. This meant that teachers who were Jews or seen as ‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed. Children were first segregated: Germans and Jews could not sit together or play together. SubseQuestionuently, undesirable children Jews, the; physically handicapped, Gypsies - were thrown out of schools. And finally in the 1940s, they were taken to the gas chambers.

(iii) Nazi education process: 
Good German’ children were subjected to a process of Nazi schooling, a prolonged period of ideological training.

(iv) New education Programme:
s School textbooks were rewritten. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised even through maths classes. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler. Even the function of sports was to nurture a spirit of violence and aggression among children. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron hearted, strong and masculine.

(v) Recruitment in youth organisation:
Youth organisations were made responsible for educating German youth in the “the spirit of National Socialism’. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk. At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation - Hitler Youth - where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as ‘undesirable’. After a period of rigorous ideological and physical training they joined the Labour Service, usually at the age of 18. Then they had to serve in the armed forces and enter one of the Nazi organisations.

Question 4. 
Describe Hitler's policy towards women.
Answer: 
Nazis differentiate between women and men. Below are the polity of Hitler's
towards women

(i) Male superiority: 
Children in Nazi Germany were repeatedly told that women were radically different from men. Girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home, and teach their children Nazi values. They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.

(ii) Rewards and punishment: 
Women who bore racially undesirable
children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded. They were given favoured treatment in hospitals and were also entitled to concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares. To encourage women to produce many children, Honour Crosses were awarded. A bronze cross was given for four children, silver for six and gold for eight or more.

(iii) Code of conduct for women: 
All Aryan’ women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly condemned, and severely punished. Those who maintained contact with Jews, Poles and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces and placards hanging.