RBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

These comprehensive RBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans will give a brief overview of all the concepts.

RBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

→ Delhi became an important centre of commerce between 1100 AB and 1200 CE during the Tomars and Chauhans.

→ The Delhi sultanate was established at the beginning of the thirteenth century. Delhi was ruled by sultans who were originally invaders and rulers of central Asia and Iran. Qutbuddin Aybak was the-first ruler of Delhi sultanate.

→ The sultans of Delhi built many cities, such as Delhi-i-kuhna, Siri and Jahanpanah, in the large area that we now call Delhi.

→ Rulers of Delhi -

• Rajput Dynasty (1130-1195)
• Tomar (Early 12th century-1165),
• Anangpal (1130-1145)
• Chauhan (1165-1192),
• Prithviraj Chauhan (1175-1192).

→ Early Turkish ruler (1206-1290)

• Qutbuddin Aybak (1206-1210),
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1210-1236)
• Raziyya (1236-1240)
• Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287)

→ Khalji dynasty (1290-1320)

• Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-1296)
• Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316)

→ Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414) :

• Ghiyasuddin Tughalq (1320-1324)
• Muhammad Tughlaq (1324-1351)
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

→ Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451), Khizr Khan (1414-1421)

→ Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) : Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489).

→ The main sources the history of this period are Tarikh’ and tawarikh, which are written in Persian, the language of administration during the reign of the sultans.

→ Expansion of Delhi Sultanate From-Garrison Town to Empire : In the early 13th century, the control of the Delhi sultans rarely went beyond heavily fortified towns occupied by garrisons. The sultans seldom controlled the hinterland so the sultans were dependent upon trade, tribute or plunder for supplies.

→ To overcome these problems, its consolidation occured during the reign of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughlaq. The first set of campaigns along the internal frontier of the sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterland of the garrison town.

→ The second expansion took place on the external frontier of the sultanate. In this Khalji and Tughlaq started a military expedition and aimed at South India.

→ By the end of Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign the armies of the Delhi sultanate had marched across a large part of the subcontinent.

→ Administration and Consolidation under the Khaljis and Tughlaqs

→ A closer look : The consolidation of a kingdom as vast as the Delhi sultanate needed reliable governors and administrators.

→ Rather than appointing aristocrats and landed chieftains as governors, the early Delhi sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured their special slaves purchased for military service, called ‘bandagan’ in persian.

→ The Khalji and Tughlaq rulers also continued to use bandagan. Due to this, the upper-class people became dissatisfied and as a result the accession of a new monarch often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility.

→ The Iqta system: The Khaljis and the Tughlaqs appointed local commanders called ‘iqtadar’ or ‘muqti’, and the lands given to them to manage were called ‘iqtas’. The person who was the holder and controller of Iqta was known as Iqtadars or Muqtis.

→ Accountants were kept by the state to keep the track of revenue.

→ Under Alauddin Khalji, the government started collecting land revenue directly. So the rights of the local chieftains to collect taxes were cancelled, and they too were forced to pay taxes.

→ Large parts of the subcontinent remained outside the control of the Delhi sultans. This part was Bengal and South India.

→ Mongols attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughlaq’s rule.

→ Muhammad Tughlaq :

• Defeated Mongol army,
• Emptied Delhi-i-Kuhna of its residents and soldiers garrisoned there. The residents of the old city were sent to the new capital of Daulatabad.
• Collected food grains and levied new taxes,
• Paid this soldiers into cash and used ‘taken’ currency,
• The administrative steps taken were very unsuccessful. As a result, these administrative steps were withdrawn.

→ The Sultanate in the 15th and 16th centuries : After the Tughlaq’s, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasty ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526.

→ By then Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the entire South India had independent rulers who established flourishing states and prosperous capitals.

→ Sher Shah Suri of Bihar defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayu (1530-1540) and established his own dynasty by ruling Delhi which lasted from 1540 AD to 1555 AD.