RBSE Class 12 Biology Notes Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

These comprehensive RBSE Class 12 Biology Notes Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes will give a brief overview of all the concepts.

RBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Notes Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

→ Biotechnology: “It is a art of utilizing living organism and their products for the production of food, drinks, medicine for benefits to the human race or other animal species.”

→ Genetic Engineering: A technology which used to modify the genetic material (RNA, DNA) to produce more useful proteins.

→ Cloning: It is a process to produce identical DNA molecule with in host cell to direct their replication process.

→ Cloned has to be cut at specific sequences by restriction enzyme.

→ DNA fragments and cutted vector has to be take for the gene amplification, carried by polymerase chain reaction.

→ Before the amplification of gene separation and isolation of desirable gene has to be done through the process called gel electrophoresis.

→ Ligation: Desired gene ligated into vector DNA to form recombinant DNA.

→ Transforming: Penetration of piece of DNA into host cell, artificially a recombinant DNA transformed into bacterial host cell.

→ Most frequently E. Coli bacteria used as host organism.

→ Plasmids have ability to replicate in host cell other then the"chromosomal DNA, because they have origin of replication.

→  Plasmids are penetrate into host cell by making cell competent. Micro-injection, gene gun are also use to penetrate plasmids or recombinant DNA into vector cell.

→  Isolation of DNA: After breaking the cell wall all the genetic material take out from, the cell.

→ Cutting of DNA: Restriction enzyme digest the DNA and desirable gene separate out by gel electrophoresis.

→ Amplification of desired gene: Using PCR technique desired gene manipulate in number, vector is also manipulate to increase becomes of product.
 
→ Desired gene and vector ligated and recombinant DNA inserted into host organism.

→ Agrobacterium species is a natural genetic engineer. Gene Product: After the insertion of gene host cells filled in bioreactors that produce large amount (100 -1000 litres) recombinant protein.

→ After several processes that protein is ready to sale in market in different forms.

→ Genome: Complete set of genetic material of an organism, including mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic material.

→ Insertion: Addition of extra genetic material

→ GE, GMO: Genetic engineering, genetic modified organism.

→ In Vitro: Something happens outside of a living organism or in laboratory.

→ In Vivo: Something happens inside of a living organism.

→ Vector: DNA molecule used as a vehicle to carry foreign genetic material.

→ Antibiotic Resistance: Microbes cannot harm and can’t grow with in the cell, means a particular thing can’t harm.

→ Plasmodium: It is a unicellular Eukaryotes and a obligate parasites of vertebrates, develops into blood feeding insects.

→ Host Organism: An organism that harbours a recombinant DNA in it.

→ Gel - electrophoresis: Method for separation genetic material and proteins on the basic of size and charge. Selectable Markers: Type of gene that act as a antibiotic resistance.

→ Insertional Inactivation: Foreign gene inserted into restriction site replacing the antibiotic resistance gene.

→ B- galactosidase: Bacterial enzyme, breaks lactose of milk into (galactose + glucose) and produce energy. Nucleases: Class of enzymes that are able to break phosphodiester bonds present in DNA/RNA between nucleotides.

→ DNA Polymerase: Catalyze the formation of new DNA molecules.

→ Agarose Gel: Polysaccharide polymer derived from seaweeds used for the separation and resolution of smaller bonds of DNA.

→ Buffer Solution: Solution contain an acid, and a base, or a salt to maintain a hydrogen ion concentration in medium. 

→  Heterologous host: Express protein in the cell, v which they are not supposed to be produced but they / arq now producing because of foreign gene in it.