RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Nationalism

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Nationalism Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Nationalism

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
From which language the word ‘Nation’ is derived?
Answer: 
Latin language.

 

Question 2. 
Write two elements which promote Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. Common motherland.
2. Common language.

Question 3. 
Write one definition of Nationalism.
Answer: 
According to Hayes, “Nationalism is a Unique Combinations of Nationality, Nation State and Partriotism”.

Question 4. 
Who is the main supporter of the Principle of One Nation, One State?
Answer: 
J.S. Mill and Woodrow Wilson.

Question 5.
Who are the main critics of the Principle of One Nation, One State?
Answer: 
Bluntschli and Lord Acton.

Fill in the blank:

Question 6. 
The word Nation is derived from the ............... word.
Answer: 
Latin. Correct and Rewrite the Sentence:

Question 7. 
Idea of Oneness is not essential for Nation.
Answer: 
Idea of Oneness is essential for Nation. 

Complete the Sentence:

Question 8. 
Common language is an important element o.
Answer: 
Common language is an important element of Nationalism.

Question 9. 
Who said that, a “Nation is a Union of men having racial or ethnographic significance”? 
Answer: 
Leacock.

Multiple-Choice Questions

Choose the Correct Answers:
1. The word ‘Nation’ is derived from which language?
(a) Greek 
(b) French
(c) Latin 
(d) Russian.
Answer: 
(c) Latin 

2. Who said, “A Nationality by acquiring unity and sovereign independence becomes a Nation”?
(a) Gilchrist 
(b) Hayes
(c) Burgess 
(d) Barber.
Answer: 
(b) Hayes

3. Which of the following elements is responsible for the promotion of Nationalism?
(a) Common Motherland
(b) Common Language
(c) Common Race
(d) All of these above.
Answer: 
(d) All of these above.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 
1. Define Nation. 
Answer: 

1. According to Barker, “A Nation is a community of persons living in a definite territory and thereby bound together by the bonds of mutual love.”
2. According to Gilchrist, “Nation is the state plus something else   the unit of the people organized in one State.”

Question 2. 
Mention the name of any four factors which promote feelings of Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. Common Motherland.
2. Common Language.
3. Common Religion.
4. Common Culture.

Question 3. 
Mention two differences between Nation and State.
Answer: 

1. State has four essential attributes - population, fixed territory, government and sovereignty. But elements of Nation are not fixed. There is no essential element of a Nation.
2. tate has the element of sovereignty and it is essential for the existence of the State. But sovereignty is not essential for the Nation.

Question 4. 
Give the meaning of' Nationalism.
Answer: 
Generally speaking, nationalism means devotion for the nation. It is an emotional form to express the feeling of nationalism in a unified manner. This force inspires nationalism to be united in the form of a Nation.

Question 5. 
Give two definitions of Nationalism.
Answer: 

1.  According to Hayes, “Nationalism is a unique combination of Nationality, Nation State and Patriotism.”
2. According to Hans Kohin, “Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind and act of consciousness.”

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Describe the meaning and .definition of Nation.
Answer: 
The word ‘Nation’ comes from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which means ‘born’. A Nation, therefore, means people having common origin or coming from a common stock. This is the ethnic view regarding the meaning of Nation. According to Burgess, “A Nation is a population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory  of a geographic unity.”

According to Bluntschli, “Nation is a union of masses of men   bound together, specially by language and customs in a common civilisation which gives them a sense of unity and distinction from all foreigners.” In brief, a Nation is a group of people bound together by certainties like religion, culture, traditions, conventions and literature, in such a manner that they have a sense of oneness.

Question 2. 
Distinguish between State and Nation.
Answer: 
Following are the distinctions between State and Nation:

1. State has four essential elements, but elements of Nation are not fixed.
2. The elements of a Nation may change and they go on changing, but the elements of State are permanent and they are always the same.
3. Idea of oneness is essential for the Nation but not for the State.
4. Definite territory is essential for the State but not for the Nation.

Question 3. 
What are the factors that help in the emergence of a Nation?
Answer: 
1. Common Motherland: Every human being has love for his motherland. One who does not love his motherland is devoid of human heart. People belonging to one place are mutually bound by their love for motherland.

2. Common Race: According to the ‘word meaning’ of nationality, the people belonging to the same race or community are the only basis of nationality.

3. Common Language: Common language is a significant factor in the emergence of a nation. With the help of language, people understand and come nearer to each other. According to Garner, “Community of language is the most important factor in moulding a people into a nationality.”

4. Common Religion: Common religion also equally contributes to the nationality.

Question 4. 
What do you understand by Nationalism?
Answer: 
Modern age is an age of Nationalism. Generally speaking, Nationalism means devotion for the nation.
1. According to Hayer, “Nationalism is a unique combination of Nationality; Nation-State and Patriotism”.

2. According to C.D. Burns, “It is a sentimental political concept directly related to the struggle for power, which respects the individuality of State,  recognises the variations in law and government and separates group from group on the basis of ideals and beliefs.” Nationalism is an emotional form to express the feeling of Nationalism in a unified manner. This force inspires Nationalism to be united in the form of a Nation.

Question 5. 
Exp1ainfour elements of Nationalism.
Answer: 
Following are the main elements of Nationalism.
1. Common Motherland: Every human being has love for his motherland. People belonging to one place are mutually bound by their love for their motherland.

2. Common Race: According to the ‘word meaning’ of Nationality, the people belonging to the same race or community are the only basis of Nationality. People belonging to the same race have the same language, culture, religion history, literature, traditions and conventions. Thus, there is the racial unity and the people have a sense of awakening.

3. Common Language: Common language is also a significant factor in the making of Nationality. It is through the language that one can express one’s views to another and can also know the views of the other.

4. Common Interest: The people who have the common economic, political, religious and social interests must unite together under one banner. This is somewhat natural, common interests are more important even than the common race, language, religion and history. 

Question 6. 
Mention four hindrances in the LwSIJ way Qf Nationalism. 
Answer: 
1. Absence of Emotional Integration:
The Nation which don’t have the same race, religion culture and civilisation, lack emotional integration. We can’t dream of Nationalism in the absence of emotional integration.

2. Communalism: Communalism divides a Nation into mutually opposed races, communities and classes. People fight in the name of religion. Consequently, national integration is ruined and national progress is obstructed.

3. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is an enemy of Nationalism. Only the literate people make the progress of Nationalism possible.
 
4. Provincialism. Provincialism is very harmful for nationalism. People’s outlook becomes narrow because of provincialism.

Question 7. 
Mention four merits of Nationalism. Answer: Following are the main merits of Nationalism.

1. Nationalism is the inspirer of Patriotism: Nationalism develops patriotic feelings. A man is prepared to make any sacrifice for the glory and safety of the country.
2. Nationalism teaches Sacrifice: Nationalism inculcates the feeling of sacrifice in the minds of its members.
3. Nationalism is a unifying Factor: Nationalism dominates mutual struggle and jealousy. The word ‘Nation’ is a symbol of unity and it creates religious and cultural unity.
4. Nationalism created Consciousness of Liberty: As the feeling of nationalism develops, the state struggles for freedom.

Question 8. 
Mention four demerits of  Nationalism. 
1. One Nation and One State Principle is dangerous for World Peace. By accepting this principle, the world government can’t be established.

2. Nationalism teaches to hate other Nations: A Nation upholding the values of Nationalism regards its nation as superior to others and thereby hatred for other nations is created.

3. Nationalism provokes War: Nationalism was the main cause of Second World War. When a Nation considers itself superior to the other nations, it claims to rule over the other nations. This feeling ultimately results in war.

4. Nationalism produces Imperialism: Nationalism helps in the progress of imperialism since it encourages stronger Nations to overpower other nations.

Question 9. 
What do you mean by “Multiculturalism”?
Answer: 
‘Multiculturalism’ is the co-existence of diverse cultures, religions and communities in all the countries of the globe. Here culture includes social religious groups and is manifested in customary behaviour, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking and communicative styles. This movement started in 1971 to count the movements started by white culture of America and Europe.

This multiculturalism is based on the principle of acceptance and reverence both and demands equal acceptance and reverence from all the cultural groups of globe. The Indian multiculturalism is a matrix of different values, traditions, customs and languages of its heterogeneous culture, religions, sects, etc. This is synergy of its diverse cultures, religions, traditions, languages, societies, etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Meaning and Definitions of Nation meaning and 

Question 1. 
Describe the meaning and definition of Nation.
Answer: 
Various terms which are generally used in Political Science have been defined differently by different writers. The term ‘Nation’ has also been defined in various ways. Different writers have defined this term from different points of view. These view points can be divided into three parts: 

1. Ethnic view:
2. Cultural and Psychic view and:
3. Political view. These three view points are explained as follows:

1. Ethnic View: 
The word ‘Nation’ comes from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which means ‘born’. A Nation, therefore, means a person having a common origin or coming from a common stock. The definitions given from this point of view are as follows:
(a) According to Burgess, “A nation is a population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity.”
(b) According to Leacock, “Nation is a union of men having racial or ethnographic significance.”

2. Cultural and Psychic View: 
Some people are of the opinion that a nation refers to the large number of people in a State who are bound together by certain emotional and cultural ties and who have a feeling of oneness. They feel that the feeling of oneness is the result of the same language, religion, culture, history and traditions. The definitions given from this point of view are as follows:

(a) According to Bluntschli, “Nation is a union of masses of men   bound together, specially by language and customs in a common civilisation which gives them a sense of unity and distinction from all foreigners.”

3. Political View: 
The modern writers generally take the meeting of a nation as a political organisation. Most of the writers are of the opinion that the Nation does not only mean that group of people which has a cultural and spiritual unity but it should also have a political unity. Following definitions have been given from this point of view:
(a) According to Hayes, “A nationality by acquiring unity and sovereign independence becomes a Nation.”
(b) According to Gilchrist, “Nation is the State plus something else   the unit of the people organised in one State.”

Comments:
Most of the writers now a days consider Nation as a political institution but this view point is not wholly correct. It is not proper to use the word ‘nation’ from the political point of view. From the above discussion we can conclude that no single point of view can justifiably define or interpret a Nation. No point of view is complete in itself; there is some truth in every point of view. In a nutshell, we can say that nationality is a group of people bound together by certainties like religion, culture, traditions, conventions and literature in such a manner that they have a sense of oneness. One Nation, one State principle in the modern times is the most important one.

Question 2. 
What are the factors that help in emergence of a Nation?
Answer: 
Nationality is a spiritual sentiment and because of its spiritual nature, there is no question of it having any elements. There are definitely some elements which help to bring consciousness of oneness among the people, but those are not the elements like those of the State. Following are the elements

1. Common Motherland: 
Every human being has love for his motherland. One who does not love his motherland is devoid of human heart. People belonging to one place are mutually bound by their love for motherland. The Jews, though remained far away from their motherland, had love for it and it kept nationalism alive. A large number of Sikhs from India have gone to England, Canada and other countries, but they consider themselves a part of the Sikh Nationalism out of their love for motherland.

2. Common Race: 
According to the ‘word meaning’ of nationality, the people belonging to the same race or community are the only basis of nationality. Some writers are of the view that the sameness of race is the oldest feature of nationality. It implies that the feeling of oneness is natural in the people who belong to the same race. People belonging to the same race have the same language, culture, religion, history, literature, traditions and conventions. Such common things bring them nearer to one another.

3. Common Language: 
Common language is also a significant factor in the making of nationality. It is through the  language that one can express one’s view to the other and can also know the views of the other. With the help of language people understand and come nearer to each other.

4. Common Religion: 
Common religion also equally contributes to nationality. World history stands as an evidence to this fact. From the stone age, man has been under the deep influence of religion. The followers of a common religion remained under the command of a religious leader and they performed all their functions according to his orders.

5. Common History: 
Common history is also an important factor in the formation of nationality. The people having a common history definitely develop the spirit of oneness. Common history bears testimony to the fact that these people have stood by one another through thick and thin. Common past invokes inspiration in the people to develop national sentiments. The Indians learnt the lesson of Nationalism because of the imperial domination of the British people.

6. Common Interests: 
In the modern age, common interests are the most significant factor in the case of nationality. The people who have the common economic, political, religious and social interests must unite together under one banner; this is somewhat natural. Common interests are more important even than the common race, language, religion and history. The interests of the people of India are common and they put in common efforts for the attainment of these interests. But it is not essential that common interests must help in the formation of nationality.

7. Common Culture: 
Common culture is an important element in the formation and development of nationality. The people who have the same customs and traditions, same dress, same marriage ceremonies and common ways of living, certainly develop a feeling of oneness and nearness. But like other elements, this element is also not very essential.

8. Common Residence or Geographic Unity: 
Geographic unity is an important factor which fosters national sentiments. It is desirable that people constituting a nation should occupy a fixed territory, the parts of which are contiguous.

Question 3. 
Discuss the merits and demerits l Nationalism. 
Answer: 
Some writers have accepted Nationalism as an ideal principle, whereas some take it as defective and harmful. The following merits are to be found in Nationalism:

1. Nationalism is the inspirer of Patriotism: 
Its important merit is that it develops the patriotic  feelings. A man is prepared to make any sacrifice for the glory and safety of the country. Love for the country is sublime human emotion. But patriotism doesn’t mean hatred for other nations.

2. Nationalism teaches sacrifice:
Nationalism inculcates the feeling of sacrifice in the minds of its members. Inspired by Nationalism, man, at times, does impossible things and even sacrifices himself for the sake of his nation.

3. Nationalism is a unifying factor: 
Nationalism dominates mutual struggle and jealousy. The word ‘Nation’ is a symbol of unity and it creates religious and cultural unity.

4. Nationalism creates consciousness of Liberty: 
Nationalism arouses the consciousness of liberty. As the feeling of Nationalism develops, the State struggles for freedom. The Asian and African countries, inspired by the feeling of Nationalism, fought the battle of freedom and liberated their countries from imperialistic powers.

5. Nationalism encourages Internationalism: 
Gandhian Philosophy considers Nationalism as an aid in promoting internationalism. Gandhi’s firm faith was that only true Nationalism leads to internationalism. Nationalism is the first step to internationalism. First a man should learn patriotism and only then he can love other nations. Nationalism and internationalism are related to each other in the same way as family and society are related.

6. Nationalism increases the growth of Culture and Literature: Literature and culture are developed only by Nationalism.

7. It provides stability to states: 
Nationalism provides stability to states. It makes them firm and strong. The states established on national basis have proved stable. Balkan States got stability only by Nationalism.

8. It increases the loyalty of People towards Government: 
People having the feeling of Nationalism, are favourably inclined towards their Governments and willingly abide by its laws. Self Government also develops in national states because people possess sympathy for each other and happily accept the Government enjoying majority.

9. It reconciles State sovereignty with individual liberty: 
Nationalism reconciles State sovereignty with individual liberty. The people show sovereignty but are ruled by it at the same time. People abide by the rules of the state and enjoy liberty as well. State sovereignty and individual liberty don’t clash with each other.

10. It has secured freedom for dependent countries: 
Nationalism has proved powerful in securing freedom for dependent countries. Many Asian and African States have been liberated from foreign rule by the feebng of Nationalism. Imperiabsm decbned because of Nationalism. It gives impetus to freedom struggle. Nationalism was the basis of Indian freedom struggle.

11. It gives birth to democratic ideas: 
According to J.S. Mill, Nationalism represents democratic feebngs. Its main principles are freedom, equality and fraternity for all nations. It provides right of self-determination to the people of every Nation. It doesn’t give the right to a nation to assert its supremacy over other nations. Nationalism has done away with despotic rules and encouraged democratic rule.

12. It is an instrument of economic, social and political progress: 
Nationalism is an instrument of economic, social and political progress. Nationalism inculates mutual co-operation, sympathy and goodwill in the people and inspires them to work for the economic, social and political progress of the country. Criticism of Nationalism Everything has two aspects, the bright and the dark one. Similarly, Nationalism has a darker aspect too. Its demerits are as follows:

1. One Nation and one State Principle is dangerous for world peace: 
The Principle of one Nation and one State is harmful for world peace. By accepting this principle, the world government can’t be established. This principle hinders the progress of international ideas and consequently the outlook of nations becomes narrow.

2. Nationalism teaches to hate other Nations: 
A Nation upholding the values of Nationalism regards its Nation as superior to others and thereby hatred for other nations is created. An atmosphere of malice and ill-will can result in world war. In fact, it happened in Germany. The Germans heightened their glory so much that it took the form of exploitation of the Jews and later on resulted into a world war.

3. Nationalism provokes wars: 
Nationalism provokes wars and this was the main cause of the Second World War. When a Nation considers itself superior to the other Nation, it claims to rule over the other Nations. This feeling ultimately results into wars.

4. It encourages racialism: 
Narrow Nationalism encourages undesirable rationalism; some nations consider themselves more cultured than other national communities and take the responsibility of making other nations civilised. In Germany, Hitler called German race ‘Pure Aryan Race’ which is meant for ruling over other nations. The white race has monopolised Government in South Africa and Rhodesia and other races are just like slaves.

5. It hinders international trade: 
Every Nation tries to be self-sufficient because of Nationalism. But there are many nations in the world where all the essential things for life are not produced. The agricultural countries have to import raw material from countries developed from industrial point of view.

The economic resources of the world can’t be fully utilised without mutual exchange of things. But Nationalism hinders international trade. It remained an age long tradition in Canada to burn corn instead of exporting it to other countries. This tendency is fatal for international trade.

6. It gives birth to dictatorship: 
Nationalism in its extreme form takes the form of religion. It doesn’t give man a chance to express his ideas against national policies. It expects man to sacrifice everything for the sake of Nation. It regards Nation as an end and man as a mean. As a result, man’s freedom is destroyed and it gives birth to dictatorship. Something like it happened in Germany and Italy in the times of Hitler and Mussolini.

7. It hinders the development of civilisation: 
Tagore has criticised the cultural part of Nationalism. According to him, Nationalism is mechanical which moulds people according to a set pattern. So cultural development is incomplete and one-sided.

8. Nationalism produces Imperialism: 
Nationalism helps in the progress of imperialism since it encourages stronger nations to overpower other nations. Powerful nations exploit underdeveloped countries economically.

9. End of the citizen’s rights: 
In Nationalism, the rights and privileges of the citizens are sacrificed for the welfare and glory of the Nation.

10. Nationalism teaches self-sufficiency in place of interdependence: 
Nationalism proves harmful for mutual interdependence of nations. It encourages every nation to be self-sufficient. Some time back, in Canada com used to be burnt instead of exporting to other nations, but interdependence and not self sufficiency, is the need of the hour.

11. Nationalism leads to selfishness and exploitation: 
Nationalism, in its extreme and distorted form, becomes helpless and lonely. Hatred for other nations grows strong and there is no mutual cooperation between nations. In the words of Prof. Hayes, “It is a proud and boastful habit of mind, one’s own Nation accompanied by a superstitious or hostile attitude towards other nations.”

Conclusion:
By examining the merits and demerits of Nationalism, we can conclude that Nationalism is not an evil in itself rather its application happened to be wrong. Nationalism heightens the prestige of countries, develops the feelings of welfare and culture. An ideal international world means that all the nations should exist in unison. But this feeling can only be created when the form of Nationalism is according to Prof. Hayes’ view. He writes, “Nationalism when it becomes synonymous with the purest patriotism will prove a unique blessing to humanity and the world.”

Hindrances in the Way of Nationalism

Question 4. 
What are the hindrances in the development of Nationalism? How can they be removed?
Answer: 
Following factors create hindrances in the way of Nationalism.
1. Absence of Emotional Integration: 
The nations which don’t have the same race, religion, culture and civilisation, lack emotional integration. Religions and communities having minority don’t consider themselves a part of Nation and complain that the communities enjoying majority exploit them. They always try to form their separate nations. Such feelings badly harm national integration and we can’t dream of nationalism in the absence of emotional integration.

2. Communalism: 
Communalism divides a Nation into mutually opposed races, communities and classes. People fight in the name of religion. It disturbs the law and order situation and harms national life and property. Consequently, national integration is ruined and national progress is obstructed. India was partitioned into two parts in 1947 because of communalism and Pakistan came into existence. Even today, communal disputes raise their ugly head and hinder national development.

3. Provincialism: Provincialism, like communalism, is also harmful for the national progress.

4. Religious Differences: Religious differences are a great hindrance in the way of Nationalism.

5. Privileged Classes: Privileged classes existing in a society hinder the progress of national integration. System of privileges is completely opposed to national equality.

6. Capitalism: Capitalism also hinders the way of pure nationalism. The poor are exploited in capitalism and the society is divided into two classes, the rich and the poor.
 
7. Self-interests: 
Self-interest is also a big hindrance in the progress of Nationalism. Selfish people think to fulfil their interests only. At times, they sacrifice national interests for the sake of personal interest. They indulge in all anti-national activities like hoarding, profiteering, adulteration, smuggling, corruption, etc.

8. Corruption: 
Corruption makes a nation hollow. Policies of favouritism are adopted in a country where corruption exists. The appointments against high posts are made not on the just basis, but according to recommendation.

9. Illiteracy: 
Illiteracy is an enemy of Nationalism. Only the literate people make the progress of Nationalism possible. If the people are not properly educated and they don’t rise above the narrow limits of caste, colour and creed, feeling of Nationalism can’t be developed properly.

10. Defective Educational System: 
Defective system of education also obstructs the progress of Nationalism. If the educational institutions are controlled by religious institutions, communalism and provincialism are propagated and it harms Nationalism. Similarly, if educational system lacks moral education and students are not inspired to have patriotic feelings, Nationalism will be weakened. Education system should be of such a type that can infuse patriotic feelings in the young men and they should be proud of their national culture.

11. Narrow Party Loyalties: 
Many political parties have narrow attitude. Rival political parties come into existence because of narrow groupism. It encourages malice and ill-will and thereby a danger to national integration. The political parties sacrifice national interest for selfish ends which ultimately harms Nationalism.

12. Internal Discontentment: 
Internal discontentment and disturbance hinder Nationalism. Business disturbances, demonstrations, hunger strikes and gheraos affect national integration. Growing indiscipline among students and their revolutionary tendencies weaken national feelings.

13. Foreign influences: 
Foreign influences also harm progress in Nationalism. Conclusion: There can be healthy growth of Nationalism in the absence of above mentioned hindrances. Communalism, provincialism, corruption, illiteracy, etc. are the negative forces against Nationalism. Proper educational system and organised political set-up without communal feelings can pave a way for healthy Nationalism.

Question 5. 
What do you understand by the doctrine of‘National Self-determination’? By What is the basis of the right to self-determination? 
Answer: 
One of the outstanding theories current during the First World War was that every distinct nationality should form a separate State. A State should consist only of one nationality. State which consists of many nationalities should be reorganised on this basis. Every nationality should have the right to determine the form of government under which it would live.

If it decides to live along with other nations in one State, well and good. But if it decides to form a separate and independent government of its own, it should have the right to do so. Hence, this principle is also known as the right of self determination of nations. In one state there can be more than one nation and a nation can have more than one state.

Supporters of the Principle of One Nation, One State: Mazzini was of the view that both the Nation and the State should have the same frontiers. Napoleon III also endorsed the view point of Mazzini. J.S. Mill was a forceful advocate of this theory. In the 20th century this theory has been supported by many others. The American President Woodrow Wilson was of the opinion that each state should have the right of self-determination.

Basis of the right to self-determination: Basis of the right to self-determination is Nation and nationality. Each nationality should have the right to determine form of government under which it would live. Right to self-determination is based on democratic principle. 

Democracy supports the principle of liberty, equality and fraternity. Thus, if the people of a country are given the right to make their own Constitution, elect their representatives and also to run their government, the feelings of liberty, equality and fraternity will naturally evolve. The people of a nation have a sense of unity, mutual sympathy and affection and such like elements are the basis of true democracy. Moreover, it is quite natural that a Nation must like to establish a State for itself. The basis of political freedom is natural and is justifiable in the modern age.

Mono-National State

Question 6. 
Make out a case for and against the Mono-National States. 
Or
What do you understand by the doctrine of‘national self-determination’? Give arguments for and against.
Answer: 
One of the outstanding theories current during the First World War was that every distinct nationality should form a separate State. A state should consist only of one nationality. A State which consists of many nationalities should be reorganised on this basis. Every nationality should have the right to determine the form of government under which it would live.

If it decides to live along with other nations in one State, well and good. But if it decides to form a separate and independent government of its own, it should have the right to do so. Hence, this principle is also known as the right of self determination of nations. In one State there can be more than one Nation and a Nation can have more than one states. There are Mono-National states as well as multinational states.

Supporters of the Principle of one Nation, one State and their arguments. Many scholars have supported the theory of Mono-National State. Mazzini was of the view point that both the nation and the state should have the same frontiers. Napoleon III also endorsed the view point of Mazzini. John Stuart Mill was a forceful advocate of this theory. According to J.S. Mill, “It is in general a necessary condition of free institutions that the boundaries of governments should coincide in the main with those of nationalities.

wherever the sentiment of nationality exists in any force, there is a prima-facie case for uniting all the members of the nationality under the same government to themselves apart. This is merely saying that the question of government ought to be decided by the governed.”

In the 20th century, this theory has been supported by many others. The American President, Woodrow Wilson was of the opinion that each state should have the right of self-determination. He was of the viewpoint that now no nation can remain a slave for long. During the period of First World War he had very beautifully remarked, “Self-determination is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action, which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril.” Arguments In Favour of the Doctrine

1. It is Based on Democratic principles: 
Ours is the age of democracy. Democracy is the government of the people, for the people and by the people. Democracy supports the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity. Thus, if the people of a country are given the right to make their own Constitution, elect their representatives and also to run their government, the feelings of liberty, equality and fraternity will naturally evolve. The people in a nation have a sense of unity, mutual sympathy and affection and such like elements are the basis of true democracy.

2. It is a Natural Desire: It is natural that a Nation must like to establish a State for itself. By nature, man wants liberty.

3. It establishes a stable government: If one
Nation-State is established, the government will be stable and sound.

4. It brings peace and prosperity in the State: The people living in a Mono-National State live in co-operation and harmony with one another and hence there is peace and order in the State.

5. It ends the problem of minorities: In a Mono-National State, there are no problems concerning the minority communities because there are no minorities.

6. Possibility of better progress: 
In a MultiNational State the minorities are always of the view¬point that they can never get a chance to make progress. But if each minority community has the right of self-determination, then it can work out things according to its own sweet will. In a Mono-National State, the people develop the spirit of patriotism.

7. It checks totalitarianism: 
It is a famous aphorism that variety is the spice of life. In the same way to make the world more beautiful, we need variety in the world cultures or the different nations should have their different cultures. Different cultures of the world can be maintained only if the different nations have the right of self-government.

If it is not so, one State would not be able to adopt more than one culture and the State would try to thrust upon the people a standardised or uniform culture. Such an all powerful State will become a hindrance in the growth of different cultures. In the words of J. S. Mill, “Free institutions are next to impossible in a country made up of different nationalities.”

8. It ends imperialism: A Mono-National State ends imperialism.

9. It makes the state powerful: 
In a MonoNational State, there is the greatest national unity. It is so because the population belongs to one nation and their people must have a psychic oneness. The element of national unity is so powerful that the people think that they exist for the Nation and nations exist for them. Every citizen is ever prepared to defend his Nation and State with mind, soul and body. During the period of emergency, national unity gets still more strengthened and the State can face the emergency with firmness.

10. Historical support: History stands as an evidence to the fact that Mono-National State is the best state. 

Arguments Against the Doctrine:

There are writers who put forward arguments against this doctrine. They are in favour of MultiNational States. The advocates of Multi-National State are Bluntschli, Lord Acton, Gurnplowiez, etc. Following arguments have been put forward against the existence of Mono-National States:

1. It will lead to disruption of all states: If the theory of Mono-National State is accepted, then all the modern States will be divided into small parts.

2. In many cases it is not possible to establish one Nation State: Definite territory is an essential element for the formation of a Nation. It is not essential that all its members are living at a certain definite place, they may be scattered all over the world. It is not possible that all these scattered people should be made to stay at a particular place. It is difficult to form a State if a Nation is scattered over various parts of the world and there is no geographical contiguity. A scattered Nation cannot be given the right to self-determination.

3. One Nation State will be economically weaker: According to the theory of Mono-National states it is quite natural that bigger states will be divided into smaller states and division will definitely make the smaller states economically weaker. It will not be possible for each State to be sufficient. Some States would be having excess of natural resources and some would be lacking them. In this way, the smaller States will have to depend upon the bigger States and their independence will be meaningless.

4. All nationalities are not capable of self-government: Another defect of the one Nation, one State theory is that it cannot be brought into practice because all the nationalities are not capable of self¬governance.

5. It will increase international problem: It is not at all correct that the principle of self-determination would end all the international problems and there shall be world-peace; but the reality is that it would add to new problems.

6. It promotes war: We have already made it clear that if we aim at Mono-National states, the bigger states would be divided into smaller states and we have also made it clear that with the increase of states, there would be boundary disputes and these disputes may cause a world war.

7. It encourages imperialism: This is natural that the size of the Mono-National states would decrease and in this manner their strongholds in all aspects would decrease. The small states would depend upon bigger states and dependence of small states on bigger states would increase imperialism.

8. Not necessary for personal freedoms and rights: This argument is often put forth that a Mono-National State always opposes totalitarianism and provides a status of liberty and self-determination. But we find no evidence in history to prove it.

9. It is not necessary for democracy: We know that Switzerland is the most neutral democracy in the world and it is the home of direct democracy. The people of Switzerland belong to three nationalities, speak three languages and have three different faiths. Although there are three nationalities, yet the democracy there is working in the most successful manner. On the other hand, Pakistan and China are Mono-National states, but these states have neither adopted democracy nor there is any possibility of democracy there.

10. Degeneration of Civilisation and Culture: 
In a Mono-National State, civilisation and culture don’t advance. Lord Acton is of the view point that if many nationalities exist in a State, culture would advance. Different nationalities have many different qualities and help in the advancement of culture. Even backward classes progress by coming into contact with the advanced communities. On the other hand, if a single Nationality has its own state, in place of advancing, culture would rather degenerate.

11. It is difficult to define Nation or Nationality: 
Nationality is a confused jumble of many vaguenesses which cannot be defined in a nutshell. It brings into its responsibility many elements. Nationality is a spiritual element which cannot be determined by external elements. Until and unless the true basis or the fundamental principle of some theory is not known, it remains impracticable. 

Conclusion:
We have discussed the question in a very elaborate manner. The arguments advanced on both the sides are forceful. Mono-National states are certainly useful but in many respects the Multi-National states outdo the Mono-National states. In the modern time, one Nation, one State theory has not proved much successful.

If the different nationalities have accepted the command of a State, such nationalities cannot be disrupted. This would cause a state of anarchy in the world. But in certain states, where different nationalities rust and they don’t want to live together and they live together only by the rod of compulsion, this too would be harmful. In such a State, the MonoNational theory alone would work. 

If different nationalities under the command of one State are not happy, they show many resentments and these resentments sometimes provoke a national upsurge and a national upheaval causes many serious political troubles for the country. Every State should be careful  in satisfying all the different nationalities under its command and it should protect the interest of each. In such a case, the major nationalities should be sympathetic towards the minorities. Federal scheme works best in such a State.

Question 7. 
Discuss variants of Nationalism.
Answer: 
Following are the variants of Nationalism.
1. Liberal Nationalism: 

• Every Nation has a separate entity.
• Each Nation enjoys the right to make emotional and cultural progress in its own way.

2. Democratic Nationalism: 
In Democratic Nationalist, the sovereignty of the people is tried to made real. French Revolution is the source of Democratic Nationalism. It considers a nation as a group of people. It propounded the principle of national self-determination in 1791.

3. Totalitarian Nationalism: 
Totalitarian Nationalism is a process against Liberal Nationalism and Democratic Nationalism. It has been used to gain two objective - to make the national freedom struggle successful and to expand the empire. The first target is progressive, whereas the second one is based on exploitation. Rousseau was a great supporter of Totalitarian Nationalism.

4. Marxian Nationalism: 
Marxian Nationalism came into existence as a process against capitalism. It has its own attitude towards every problem. It explains Nationalism on the basis of economic problems. Marxian Nationalism is socialistic. It is the Nationalism of the exploited and the labour class.

Question 8. 
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
It is commonly believed that nations are constituted by a group of people who share certain features such as descent, or language, or religion or ethnicity. But there is in fact no common set of characteristics which is present in all nations. Many nations do not have a common language, Canada is an example here. Canada includes English speaking as well as French speaking peoples. India also has a large number of languages which are spoken in different regions and by different communities. 

Nor do many nations have a common religion to unite them. The same could be said of other characteristics such as race or descent. What then constitutes a nation? A nation is to a great extent an ‘imagined’ community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which people make about the collective whole with which they identify. Let us identify and understand some of the assumptions which people make about the nation. 

1. How Nations are constituted?
2. Mention any one Nation which does not have a common language.
3. Do you think that India also has a common language?

Answer: 

1. Nations are constituted by a group of people who share certain features such as descent, or language, or religion or ethnicity.
2. Canada.
3. India has a large number of languages which are spoken in different regions and by different communities. Therefore, there is no common language in India.

Question 9. 
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The word ‘Nation’ comes from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which means ‘bom’. A Nation, therefore, means people having common origin or coming from a common stock. This is the ethnic view regarding the meaning of Nation. According to Burgess, “A Nation is a population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity.” According to Bluntschli,

“Nation is a union of masses of men   bound together, specially by language and customs in a common civilisation which gives them a sense of unity and  distinction from all foreigners.” In brief, a Nation is a group of people bound together by certainties like religion, culture, traditions, conventions and literature, etc., in such a manner that they have a sense of oneness.

9.1. The word ‘Nation’ comes from which language?
(a) Latin 
(b) English
(c) French 
(d) Greek
Answer: 
(a) Latin 

9.2. The word “Nation’ comes from which Latin word?
(a) Jus 
(b) Status
(c) Natus 
(d) Power
Answer: 
(c) Natus 

9.3. What is the meaning of word ‘Natus’?
(a) Truth 
(b) Bond
(c) Tie 
(d) Bom
Answer: 
(d) Bom

9.4. Who said, “A Nation is a population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity”?
(a) Laski 
(b) Burgees
(c) T.H. Green 
(d) Waldo
Answer: 
(d) Waldo
  
HOTS QUESTIONS  

Question 1. 
Mention two features of Liberal Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. Every Nation has a separate entity.
2. Each Nation enjoys the right to make emotional and cultural progress in its own way.

Question 2. 
Write two merits of Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. Nationalism is the inspirer of patriotism: A man is prepared to make any sacrifice for the glory and safety of the country.
2. Nationalism is a Unifying factor: Nationalism dominates mutual struggle and jealousy. The word ‘Nation’ is a symbol of unity and it creates religious and cultural unity.

Question 3. 
Write two demerits of Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. One Nation and One State Principle is dangerous for world peace: By accepting this principle, the world government can’t be established.
2. Nationalism teaches to hate other Nation: A nation upholding the values of Nationalism regards its nation as superior to others and thereby hatred for other nations is created.

Question 4. 
Mention two hindrances in the development of Nationalism.
Answer: 

1. Absence of Emotional Integration: The nations which don’t have the same race, religion, culture and civilisation lack emotional integration.
2. Communalism: Communalism divides a nation into mutually opposed races, communities and classes. People fight in the name of religion. 

SELF-EVALUATION TEST 

1. From which language the word ‘Nation’ is derived? 
2. Write down one definition of Nationalism. 
3. Mention one distinction between Nation and State. 
4. Complete the Sentence: 
Common Language is an important element of ................ .
5. Define Nation. 
6. Mention the name of any four factors which promote feelings of Nationalism. 
7. Give the meaning of Nationalism.
8. Give two definition of Nationalism. 
9. Distinguish between State and Nation. 
10. Mention four hindrances in the way of Nationalism. 
11. Mention four merits of Nationalism. 
12. Mention four demerits of nationalism. 
13. Study the passage given below careftully and answer the questions that follow: 
It is commonly believed that nations are constituted by a group of people who share certain features such as descent, or language. or religion or ethnicity. But there is in fact no common set of characteristics that is present in all nations.

Many nations do not have a common language: Canada is an example here. Canada includes English speaking as well as French-speaking people. India aLso has a large number of languages which are spoken in different regions and by different communities. Nor do many nations have a common religion to unite them. The same could be said of other characteristics such as race or descent. What then constitutes a nation?

A nation is to a great extent an 1imagined’ community, held together by the collective beliefs. aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which
people make about the collective whole with which they identify. Let us identify and understand some of the assumptions which people make about the nation.  

• How Nations are constituted?
• Mention any one Nation which does not have a common language.
• Do you think that India also has a common language?

14. Write the meaning and definition of Nation. What are the factors that help in emergence of a Nation? 
15. Discuss the merits and demerits of Nationalism. 
16. Discuss Variants of Nationalism.