RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Development

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Development Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Development

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Who said, “Development means change plus growth”?
Answer: 
Colm and Geiger. 

 

Question 2. 
Write down any one dimension of Development.
Answer: 
Political Development.

Question 3. 
Write down one goal of Development. Answer: Fulfilment of Minimum Need. 
Question 4. 
What do you understand by I ‘Development’? 
Answer: 
Development means welfare of all and improvement in the standard of life.

Question 5. 
Who is associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Answer: 
Medha Patkar.

Question 6. 
WTiich development model is needed for India?
Answer: 
India needs Gandhian model of development.

Fill in the blank:

Question 7. 
Development is a concept.
Answer: 
Dynamic.

Correct and Rewrite the Sentence:

Question 8. Development means revolution along with growth.
Answer: 
Development means change along with growth.

Question 9. 
Development is a process of destroying the well-being of the people.
Answer: 
Development is a process of improving the well-being of the people.

Complete the Sentence:

Question 10. 
Goal of Development is fulfillment of.
Answer: 
Goal of Development is fulfilment of Minimum Needs.

Question 11. 
Who said that, “Development means change plus growth”?
Answer: 
Colm and Geiger.

Multiple-Choice Questions

Choose the Correct Answers : 
1. Development means:
a) Development with war
(b) Development with dispute
(c) Change along with growth
(d) None of these
Answer: 
(c) Change along with growth
 
2. Who said, 'Development means change plus growth'?
(a) Lucian Pye 
(b) David Gaston
(c) Laski 
(d) Colm and Geiger
Answer: 
(b) David Gaston

4. UNDP means :
(a) United Nations Development Programme
(b) United Nations Development Planning
(c) United Nations Destruction Programme
(d) None of these 
Answer: 
(a) United Nations Development Programme

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Write two definitions of Development. 
Answer: 

1. According to Colm and Geiger, development means change plus growth.
2. Weidner defines it as a process of growth “In the direction of modernity and particularly in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress.”

Question 2. 
What do you understand by the term ‘development’?
Answer: 
Development is a process of improving the well-being of the people. It is about raising the standard of living of the people, improving their education and health. Development conveys the ideas of growth, progress, well-being and an aspiration for a better life.

Question 3. 
Mention the major objectives which are identified with development.
Answer: 

1. Development could only be attained by ‘modenisation’.
2. Development means economic growth or economic development.
3. Emphasis on harmony, i.e., stable and orderly change.
4. Quantitative change and qualitative change.

Question 4. 
Mention the different dimen- \ sions of development. 
Answer: 
Development is complex phenomenon comprising many dimensions - social, political, economic, administrative and cultural. It is not possible to draw a line of demarcation between the economic, political and social components of development.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
Refer to the quotation which says, “Development is not Unilinear.” What does this statement mean?
Answer: 
Political development implies to a process of organic change in the nature of political institutions. Development, in general means the process of cumulative change and growth. So, political development in particular refers to this process of change and growth in political spheres. The scholars came to hold the view that by industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation and democratisation, these countries could catch up with the western countries.

They could also develop democratic structures and industrial complexes. So the idea has developed that the developing countries have to pass through certain stages to attain political development. Emphasis in this way came to be laid on the unilinear process which is straight and unobstructed. It means development takes place in one single direction and that also in a particular accepted order of one stage being followed by another-identity, legitimacy, penetration, participation, distribution and integration.

Question 2. 
What is ‘Market model’ of development?
Answer: 
Almost all societies undergo changes from traditional to modern stages of development. Some important features include in it. Firstly, political development is needed for the economic development. Secondly, autonomy, rights and self-interest of the individual are required as the basis of all developments. At the same time rapid industrialisation, technological, advancement, modernisation and full employment are needed for continuous process of liberalisation of society and economy. Under the competitive policy of non-intervention and demand and supply, free market economic (model) can be achieved.

Question 3. 
What is Welfare Stage Model’ of devel-opment?
Answer: 
‘Welfare Stage Model’ advocates the role of state in economic sphere for promoting the socio¬economic welfare and common interest of the society. Efforts should be made for rapid industrialisation, economic growth and socio-economic development. The ‘Welfare state’ often refers to an ideal model of provision, where the state accepts responsibility for the provision of comprehensive and universal welfare of its citizens. 

Welfare state protects all social, economic and political rights of all the people. It takes social steps for protecting the weaker sections of the society. In welfare state, state is committed to providing basic economic security for its citizen by protecting them from market risk associated with old age, unemployment and sickness. ‘Welfare state’ model is an ideal model of provision where the state accepts responsibility for the provision of comprehensive and universal welfare of its citizens.

Question 4. 
Write short note on Lucian W. Pye’s concept of political development
Answer: 
Lucian Pye is the pioneer among the earlier batch of writers “to analyse the concept of development in depth, and has kept on evolving his ideas on the subject, and has left an abiding impression on the entire literature of political development. Instead of going ahead to give his own explanation of political development that includes some element of all the diverse definitions and interpretations that come to his own interpretation. Pye virtually set a new standard in 1963 when he defined political development in terms of cultural diffusion, and of adapting, fusing and adjusting old patterns of life to new demands.

It means that political development is a phenomenon that is sought to be brought about by certain nations after having seen its model in other countries. It implies adaptation, adjustment and reshaping of old patterns of life to new ones. He holds that the first step towards political development was the evolution of the nation-state system which he treated as a “basic concept  supporting the gradual diffusion throughout all societies of what we might call a world culture.”

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. 
What do you know about Developmental Model? 
Answer: 
The concept of development has been viewed from various angles by a number of scholars. One group of scholars has equated development with growth, another group considers it as a quality of life and the third group of thought considers it with the advancement in science and technology. In the parameter of ‘growth’ it is measured in terms of Gross ' National Product (G.N.P.). G.N.P. or national income of a developed nation will be definitely more than underdeveloping nations. The technological aspect of development takes place advancement in science and technology, which enables man to conquer nature and use it for the production of enormous quantity of goods and services. 

Another view of development can also be defined as improvement in quality of life which includes health, education, equality, freedom etc. Another approach is development can also be regarded as planned growth in the direction of modernity or nation building or socio-economic progress. A United Nations publication has used the give a satisfactory definition of development. Colm and Geiger are of the view that when a nation gets social and economic growth, that process can be named as development. 

According to William Chambers, “Political development may be understood as a movement towards political system by which it is capable of handling the loads it confronts, characteristic by significant differentiation of structures and specifications of functions increasingly centralized and able to maintain itself.” According to Alfred Diamant, “Political development is such a process in which there is continuous effort to attain the desired goal.” Chaturvedi opined that development is a procedure to obtain social objects of society. 

The aim of development is turning of old and backward establishment into new and modern establishment. Lucian Pye believes that the political development is for making a cooperation between cultural and social development. Riggs is of the opinion that the development deals with the growth or decrease of output, capability of decrease or increase of income or increase or decrease of the value of spiritual capabilities. Still another popular approach to development has been to consider it in terms of‘planned change.’ Development can also be regarded as planned growth in the direction of modernity or nation building or socio-economic progress as well as change.

Question 2. 
Compare the ‘growth’ and ‘development’.
Answer: 
There is remarkable difference between Growth and Development. ‘Growth is getting bigger’ or larger or having more importance or can be termed as a physical change. Whereas Development is said to be physical or Social or Psychological change. Growth is measurable attribute in case of a child, such as height and weight of the child. Development is both qualitative and quantitative. It is both as development can involve ideas such as intelligent quotient, which can be qualified as a numerical value, but is nonetheless an arbitrary measurement of some thing qualitative the cognitive ability.

Growth refers to increase in physical aspects of the organisation. Growth is structural, qualitative cellular. Growth stops when the organisation reaches the stage of maturity. It also bring changes in structure and influences the process of development. Development is functional, qualitative and organisational. It is a life long process. It occurs without growth also and also involves changes from origin to maturity. Growth also includes measures of economic performance, e.g., income, expenditure, Gross expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP), whereas development can be linked with holistic welfare of humanist society.

Question 3. 
Explain briefly the different dimensions of development. 
Answer: 
Development is a complex phenomenon comprising many dimensions - Political Development, Economic Development, Social Development, Cultural Development and Administrative Development.
 
1. Political Development. Political development loosely refers to a process of organic change in the nature of political institutions. Political development refers to the process of change and growth in political sphere. Political development means the growth of the capability of the political system. [For detail see next question]

2. Economic Development. Economic development is an important aspect of development. The World Development Report (1991) defines economic development “as a sustainable increase in living standards that encompass material consumption, education, health and environment protection.” For the definition of economic development, Gerald M. Meier lays emphasis on three words, “Process, real national income and long period.” Economic development is a process whereby an economy’s real national income increases over a period of time.

3. Social Development. Social development means increase in skills, complexity and internal differentiation. Social development means bringing about improvement in the social being of the people. Social development lays stress on expansion of education, better living conditions, better health, social security for women and children, cultural amenties, better status for women, social justice, better social relations, etc.

4. Administrative Development. In these days administrative development has been associated with the development of a Nation. Administrative development is the first and the most important facet of administration development. Administrative development is related to improved capability of public administration, better mechanical and managerial tools, efficient procedures, specialisation, modernisation of administrative process and structures, effective integration, etc.

Question 4. 
Explain Development’.
Answer: 
The concept of Political Development is the post-World War II phenomenon. Political development closely refers to a process of organic change in the nature of political institutions. Development in general means the process of cumulative change and growth. So Political Development, in particular, refers to this process of change and growth in political sphere.
Definitions of the Political Development. Scholars have given different views regarding the meaning of political development.
1. Rostow and Pye hold that political development aims at “National”, Political unity and broadening of the base of political participation. 

2. Hugan regards political development as the “growth of institutions and practices that allow a politi¬cal system to deal with its own fundamental problems more effectively in short run while working towards more responsiveness of the regime to popular demands in the long run.”

3. G.A. Almond regards political development as “the acquisition of new capability in the sense of a specialised role structure and differentiated orientation which together give a political system the range of problems.” On the basis of above quoted definitions, it can be said that Political Development refers to a process of organic change in the nature of political institutions and the development of the political institutions to a level that they can meet the changing demands of the people. It means the growth of the capability of the political system.

4. According to Mackenzie, “The political development is the capacity to adopt to a higher level of adaptability.”

Question 5. 
Write a short note on Lucian W. Pye’s concept of Political Development.
Answer: 
Lucian Pye presents the case of political development in a quite elaborate form in his book Aspects of Political Development. Before trying to furnish his own interpretation of the term ‘political development’, he discusses different definitions of political development given by different scholars and goes ahead after accepting some and rejecting some parts of each definition.

1. Political Development as the Political Prerequisite of Economic Development :
Economists like Paul A. Baran, Norman S. Buchanan, Benjamin Higgins, Albert 0. Hirschman and Barbara Ward laid stress on the point that political and social conditions can play a quite decisive role in presenting or facilitating economic growth. It is only under the settled and stable social and political conditions that economy of a nation can grow.

2. Political Development as the Politics typical of Industrial Societies : Some social theorists like W. W. Rostow hold that industrial societies, whether democratic or not, set certain standards of political behaviour and performance that represent political development and developmental goals for others to follow.

3. Political Development as Political Modernisation : Many social theorists like James S. Coleman, Deutsch and S.M. Lipset hold that political development means a study of political standards of the developed western and modern countries that the developing countries are trying to  emulate. It means that the advanced western and modern countries are the pace-setters of political development.

4. Political Development as the operation of a Nation-State : There are certain social theorists like K.H. Silver, Edward A. Shills and William McCord who have pointed out that political development consists of the organisation of political life and the performance of political functions in accordance with the standards expected of a modern nation-state.

5. Political development as mobilisation and Participation : Certain social theorists like Clifford Geertz and Rupert Emerson best emphasise the role of a politically awakened citizen and the behaviour of the people in the direction of an expanded popular participation. Extension of franchise is taken as a mark of spread of the decision-making process through mass participation.

6. Political Development as one Aspect of a Multi-Dimensional process of Social change : Some special social theorists like Max F. Millikan and Daniel Lerner have advanced the argument that it is unnecessary and inappropriate to try to isolate political development from other forms of development.

7. Political Development as Administrative and Legal Development: Some social theorists like Max Weber and A.M. Henderson emphasised on the point that political development is intricately linked with the legal and administrative order of a community. Thus, the establishment of bureaucracy is essential for the process of development.

8. Political Development as the Building of Democracy : Joseph LaPalombara and J. Ronald Pennock hold that political development is integrally connected order in the minds of the people.

9. Political Development as Stability or Orderly Change : Some social theorists like Karl Deutsch and F.W. Riggs have laid stress on the point that stability is legitimately linked with the concept of development. They hold that any form of economic or social advancement generally depends upon an environment in which uncertainty has been reduced. Planning can succeed only if reasonably safe prediction is possible.

10. Political Development as Mobilisation of Power : There are other social theorists like James S. Coleman, G.A. Almond and Talcott Parsons who hold the concept that political development can be evaluated in terms of the level or degree of absolute power which the system is able to mobilise. According to this view, states naturally differ in proportion to their inherent resource base with the result that measure of development is the degree to which they are able of maximise and realise the full potential of their given resources.

11. Political Development as sense of National Respect in International Affairs : In the end, Pye refers to the view that takes into account the case of post-nationalism era where Nation-State will no longer be used as the basic unit of political life. Since Pye says nothing to criticise this interpretation, it appears that he either accepts it or ignores it altogether.

Question 6. 
Define the term ‘Political Development’. Describe any three basic elements that are help¬ful in its formulation.
Answer: 
Political development closely refers to a process of organic change in the nature of political institutions. Development in general means the process of cumulative change and growth. So political development in particular refers to this process of change and growth in political sphere. Hagan regards political development as the, “growth of institutions and practices that allow a political system to deal with its own fundamental problems more effectively in the short run, while working towards more responsiveness of the regime to popular demand in the long run.”  Following are the elements or factors that are helpful in the formulation of political development :

1. Education : 
Education helps in the formulation of political development. Only those countries and people can develop politically that are educated and are able to understand political affairs.

2. Economic development : 
Economic development greatly influences political development. Not any sort of development is possible with economic progress. Economic development and equal distribution of wealth enable everybody to share and devote sometime to political participation. Their gradually developing interest in politics will ultimately lead to political development.

3. Mass-Media Technique : 
The mass-media techniques include newspapers, broadcasting, postal facilities, movies, roads, railways, air services and T.V. These facilities enlightened the citizens and well- informed and these inturn enable the citizen to serve the State in a better way. Thus, economy, mass media, education, political participation and social mobility lead to political development. These elements work for acquiring socio-economic developments, and objective of political development.

Question 7. 
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The concept of development gained importance after  the second half of the twentieth century. This was the time when a large number of countries in Asia and Africa gained political independence. Most were impoverished and their populations had a low standard of living. Education, health and other facilities were poor. They were often described as ‘underdeveloped’ or ‘developing’. The comparison was with the richer countries in Western Europe and the United States.

In the 1950s and 1960s when most countries of Asia and Africa had achieved independence from colonial rule, the most urgent task in front of them was to solve the pressing problems of poverty, malnourishment, unemployment, illiteracy and the lack of basic amenities that a majority of their populations faced. They argued that the reason why they were backward was because under colonial rule their resources had been used not for their own benefit but for the benefit of their colonial masters.

With Independence, they could reorganise their resources in the best possible manner to serve their national interests. Therefore it was now possible for them to formulate such policies which would allow them to overcome their backwardness and move towards achieving the standards of their former colonial masters. This provided the impetus for these countries to undertake development projects.

1. What is development?
2. Mention two obstacles in way of development.
3. When has most countries of Asia and Africa achieved their Independence?

Answer: 
(i) Development is a process of improving the well-being of the people. It is about raising the standard of living of the people, improving their education and health. Development conveys the ideas of growth, progress, well-being and an aspiration for a better life.

(ii) Unemployment and illiteracy.

(iii) Most countries of Asia and Africa had achieved their Independence in the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 8. 
These pictures are of Satyagraha in the village of Domkhedi in the Narmada valley. As a result of the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, the water of the Narmada flooded the valley. The Narmada Bachao Andolan protestors chose to face the rising water. When the water rose dangerously up to the shoulders of the activists, government arrested them. Find out more about this controversy and discuss the merits and demerits of big dams. Is the Sardar Sarovar Dam a good way to solve the problem of water shortage? Were the efforts of activists justified in offering resistance to this government scheme? 

(a) The pictures of which state have been shown below?
(b) Discuss the scene of Domkhedi village.

Answer: 
(a) Above pictures are of Satyagarha in the village of Domkhedi in the Narmada Valley.
(b) As a result of the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, the water of the Narmada flooded the Valley. The Narmada Bachao Andolan Protesters chose to face the rising water. When the water rose dangerously up to the shoulders of the activits, government arrested them.

Question 9. 
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Development is a process of improving the wellbeing of the people. It is about raising the standard of living of the people, improving their education and health. Development conveys the ideas of growth, progress, well-being and an aspiration for a better life.

1. According to Colm and Geiger, development means change plus growth.
2. Weidner defines it as a process of growth “In the direction of modernity and particularly in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress.” 

9.1. What is Development? 
(a) A process of improving the well being of the people.
(b) Peace
(c) War 
(d) None of these 
Answer: 
(a) A process of improving the well being of the people.

9.2. What type of ideas conveys by development?
(a) Growth 
(b) Progress
(c) Well being 
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9.3. Who said, “Development means change plus growth”?
(a) Laski 
(b) Colm and Geiger
(c) Waldo 
(d) T.H Green
Answer: 
(b)

9.4. Who said, “development as a process of growth in the direction of modernity and particularly in the direction of Nation-building and socio-economic progress”?
(a) Weidner 
(b) Laski
(c) Plato 
(d) Sabine
Answer: 
(a) Weidner 

HOTS QUESTIONS 

Question 1. 
What is implied by political development?
Answer:
Political development closely refers to a process of organic change in the nature of political institution. Development in general means the process of cumulative change and growth. So political development refers to this change and growth in political sphere.

Question 2. 
What are the characteristics of Political Development, according to Lucian W. Pye?
Answer: 
The concept of Political Development as given by Lucian Pye bears the characteristics of equality, capacity and differentiations.

Question 3. 
What is Social Mobilisation?
Answer: 
Social mobilisation is a process by which traditional types of attitudes and behaviour are broken,permitting people to adopt new social and behaviour patterns. This kind of change is the result of literacy, education, increased communication and the growth of cities.

Question 4. 
What is Rationalisation of Authority?
Answer: 
Political modernisation includes the rationalisation of authority, that is, the replacement of many traditional, religious, familial, and radical authorities by a single non-religious, national political authority. According to Huntington, this change implies that the government is the product of men, not of nature or of God. Moreover, the Nation-State is politically supreme, both in relation to foreign countries and in relation to local and regional forces within the country.

SELF-EVALUATION TEST 

1. What do you understand by ‘Development’? 
2. Who is associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan? 
3. Which development model is needed for India? 
4. Who said, "Development means change plus growth"? 
(a) Lucian Pye 
(b) David Easton
(c) Laski 
(d) Colm and Geiger.
5. Write two definitions of Development. 
6. What do you understand by the term ‘development’? 
7. Mention the major objectives which are identified with development. 
8. Mention the different dimensions of development. 
9. Refer to the quotation which says,
“Development is not Unilinear.” What does this statement mean? 
10. What is market model of Development? 
11. What is welfare state of Development? 
12. Write short note on Lucian W. Pye’s concept of political development. 
13. These pictures are of Satyagraha in the village of Domkhedi in the Narmada valley. As a result of the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, the water of the Narmada flooded the valley.

The Narmada Bachao Andolan protestors chose to face the rising water. When the water rose dangerously up to the shoulders of the activists, government arrested them. Find out more about this controversy and discuss the merits and demerits of big dams. Is the Sardar Sarovar Dam a good way to solve the problem of water shortage? Were the efforts of activists justified in offering resistance to this government scheme? 
(a) The pictures of which state have been shown above?
(b) Discuss the scene of Domkhedi village.
14. What do you know about development model?
15. Compare the growth and development. 
16. Explain briefly the different dimensions of development.