RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 11 Paths to Modernisation

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 11 Paths to Modernisation Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 11 Paths to Modernisation 

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. 
Who was Sima Qian ?
Answer:
Sima Qian was the greatest historian of ancient China.

Question 2. 
Name any two European historians who worked on China- Japanese history.
Answer:
(i) Joseph Needham
(ii) George Samson.
Both of these historians worked on China- Japanese history in English.

Question 3. 
Name the capital city of Japan under Tokugawas. By what name is it known today ?
Answer:
The capital city of Japan under Tokugawas was Edo. This city is today known as Tokyo.

Question 4. 
Answer these questions in one word:
(i) Name the staple food of China.
(ii) Which country is known as ‘The Sun of Rising Land’ ?
(iii) Name the Japanese fish famous all over the world.    
Answer:
(i) Rice and Fish.
(ii) Japan.
(iii) Sushi or Sashimi.

Question 5. 
Write any two differences between the physical geography of China and Japan.
Answer:
(i) China is a very big country while Japan’s physical area (extent) is very small as compared to China.
(ii) China is in earthquake prone zone, while Japan is situated in active earthquake zone.

Question 6. 
Write a brief note on the following :
(a) Shoguns, 
(b) Daimyos
Answer:
(a) Shoguns : They ruled on the name of the emperor and enjoyed the divine right theory of the kings. They exercise their vast powers to control over cities and natural resources such as mines.

(b) Daimyos : They enjoyed their autonomy in the area under their rule. They were responsible for rendering their military services for undertaking public welfare works.

Question 7. 
Write any one example to justify the statement:
"Japan was considered as a rich country in the 16th and 17th century.”
Answer:
Japan had flourishing trade relation with China and India. It exported Chinese pottery and Indian textile and paid in the form of gold in 16th and 17th century.

Question 8. 
Who abled to sign a treaty between USA and Japan and when ?
Answer:
American Commondare Mathew Pevoy abled to sign a treaty between Japan and USA in 1853.

Question 9. 
Write any two terms of treaty signed by Japan and USA in 1853.
Answer:
Terms of the treaty of 1853 :
(i)  America got permission to trade with Japan.
(ii) Two Japanese ports were opened for American ships.

Question 10. 
What do you know about Meijis Restoration ?
Answer:
Tokugawa rule came to an end in 1868. After that Tokugawas Mutsuhito adopted the title of Meiji which means enlightened ruler. This event in the Japanese history termed as Meiji Restoration.

Question 11. 
Who became the ruler of Japan in 1868 ? How long did he rule ?
Answer:
In 1868 Tokugawa rule came an end and Mutsuhito become the new ruler of Japan and ruled till 1912.

Question 12. 
What were Zaibatsu ?
Answer:
Zaibastu were the business organisations and controlled by individual families in Japan. Zaibatsu dominated the Japanese economy till World War-II.

Question 13. 
Write any two provisions of Meiji Constitution.
Answer:
Meiji Constitution was enforced in 1889, it had following features :
(i) Emperors were given vast powers.
(ii) Emperor could convene the Diet.

Question 14. 
Write any two provisions of Shimonoseki treaty.
Answer:
Shimonoseki treaty’s provisions:
(i) Sino-Japanese war came to an end by this treaty.
(ii) China agreed to recognise complete independence to Korea.
(iii) China also agreed to pay war indemnity.

Question 15. 
Who won the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 ?
Answer:
Japan won the Russo-Japanese war. It was fought in 1904-05.

Question 16. 
Which three principles promulgated by Dr. Sun Yat Sen ?
Answer:
(i) Nationalism, 
(ii) Democracy,
(iii) Socialism.

Question 17. 
When and where was great leap movement launched ?
Answer:
Great Leap Movement was launched in China in 1958. This movement aimed at reviving Chinese culture and to decimate his opponents. 

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Describe in brief the physical features of Japan.
Answer:
The physical features of Japan are as follows :
(i) Japan is a string of islands. Among these islands the four largest are Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido. The Okinawan Chain is in the southernmost. Around 58% of the land area of the main island is a mountainous region.
(ii) Japan is situated in a quite active zone of earthquake.
(iii) The population of Japan is mainly Japanese. But small minority of Ainu and Koreans also live over there. They were forcibly brought to Japan as labour when Korea was a Japanese colony.
(iv) Animals are not reared in Japan.
(v) Rice is the staple crop and fish is the major source of protein in Japan.

Question 2. 
Explain the rise of Japan as an imperialist power between 1890 and 1914.
Answer:
The Asian countries were mostly dominated by the European countries. Japan was the only country in Asia which had imperialistic ambitions. USA also recognised Japan as a great power. Japan defeated China in 1895. Japan also defeated Russia in 1905.

The rise of Japan as a great power even though it was following imperialist policies in Asia provided an impetus to the growth of nationalism in many Asian countries. Its war with Russia proved that an Asian non-white country could defeat a major European Power. The emergence of USA and Japan as great power was a indication that the supremacy of Europe could not last long.

Question 3. 
How long did the Shoguns of the Tokugawa dynasty rule over Japan ? How did they governed their empire ?
Answer:
By the 12th century the real power in Japan was in the hands of Shoguns, who in theory ruled in the name of the emperor. From 1603 to 1867, members of the Tokugawa family held the position of Shogun. 

Shogun governed the empire in the following manner: 
(a) The country was divided into 250 domains under the rule of lords called daimyo.
(b) The Shogun exercised power over the dominal lords, ordering them to stay at the capital Edo (modern Tokyo) for long periods so that they would not pose a threat.
(c) He also controlled the major cities and mines.
(d) The Samurai i.e., the warrior class were the ruling elite and served the Shoguns and daimyo.

Question 4. 
Write a note on the new school system adopted in Japan from the 1870s.
Answer:
From 1870s, a new school system was adopted in Japan :
(a) Schooling was compulsory for boys and girls and by 1910 almost universal.
(b) Tuition fees were minimal.
(c) The curriculum was now based on modern ideas and more stress was laid on loyalty and study of Japanese history.
(d) The ministry of education exercised control over the curriculum and in the selection of textbooks as well as in teachers training. Moral culture was to be taught and texts urged children to revere their parents, be loyal to the nation and become good citizens.

Question 5. 
What measures did the Meiji government of Japan took to integrate the nation ?
Answer:
To integrate the nation, Meiji government took the following measures :
(a) The government established a new administrative structure by altering old village and domain boundaries.

(b) It was necessary for each administrative unit to have enough revenue so that the local schools and health facilities could be maintained,

(c) It also had to sense as a recruitment centre for the military. It became necessary for all young men, over the age of twenty, to do a period of military service.

(d) One modern military force was developed. A legal system was also developed to control the formation of political groups. Censor system was to be made a strict one. The government had to face opposition in the measures taken by it.

(e) Military and bureaucracy were kept under direct control of the emperor. Its objective was to keep both these groups, outside the control of the government even after a constitution was enacted.

Question 6. 
What were the major developments before Meiji restoration that made it possible for Japan to modernise rapidly ?    
Answer:
The Meiji restoration was made in 1867-68. Before it, the following major developments made it possible for Japan to modernise rapidly:

1. Peasants were disarmed. Now only the Samurai could carry swords. This ensured peace and order, ending the frequent wars of the previous centuries.
2. The daimyo were ordered to live in the capitals of their domains. They were also given a large degree of autonomy
3. Land surveys were made to identify the owners and taxpayers. Land productivity was also graded to ensure a stable revenue base.
4.There was rise in the population of the daimyo's capitals. This led to the growth of a commercial economy and created a financial and credit system.
5.  Aperson's merit began to be more valued than his status.    
6. The fast-growing class of merchants in ’ towns patronised theatre and the arts.
7. People had developed a habit of reading. 
8. Restrictions were put on the export of precious metals.
9. Steps were taken to develop the silk industry so as to reduce imports.
10. Use of money had increased and a stock market in rice was created.
11. People began to study ancient Japanese literature which led them to question the degree of Chinese influence on Japan.

Question 7. 
How did Japan's policy of rapid industrialisation led to wars with its neighbours and destruction of the environment ?
Answer:
With the rapid industrialisation, a number of industries were set up. The size of factories also began to increase. Numerous workers were employed in the factories. In 1909, only 1000 workers were employed in the factories. By 1930s, it increased upto 4000. There were numerous factories that employed less than 5 people.

With the increase in the number of factories, the demand for natural resources like timber grew. It led to environmental destruction. Tanaka Shozo launched the first agitation against industrial pollution in 1897 with 800' villagers in a mass protest forcing the government to take action.

Question 8. 
Discuss how the daily life of Japanese was transformed as Japan developed.
Answer:
(i) Japan’s transformation into a modern society can be seen in the changes in every day life. The patriarchal household system comprised many generations living together under the control of the head of the house, but as more people became affluent, new ideas of family spread.

(ii) The new home (homu as the Japanese say, using the English word) was that of the nuclear family, where husband and wife lived as bread winner and home make.
 
(iii) This new concept of domesticity in turn generated demands for new types of domestic goods, new types of family entertainments, and new forms of housing. In the 1920s, construction companies made cheap housing available for a down payment of 200 yen and a monthly instalment of 12 yen for ten years- this at a time when the salary of a bank employee (a person with higher education) was 40 yen per month.

Question 9. 
How did vibrant culture blossomed in the towns of Japan ?
Answer:
Japan not only had the most populated city in the world-Edo-but also two other large cities - Osaka and Kyoto and at least half a dozen castle-towns with populations of over 50,000. (By contrast, most European countries of the time had only one large city). This led to the growth of a commercial economy, and created financial and credit systems. 

A person’s merit began to be more valued than his status. A vibrant culture blossomed in the towns, where the fast growing class of merchants patronised theatre and the arts. As people enjoyed reading, it became possible for gifted writers to earn a living solely by writing. In Edo, people could ‘rent’ a book for the price of a bowl of noodles. This shows how popular reading had become and gives a glimpse into the scale of printing.

Question 10. 
Why was Japan considered rich ?
Answer:
Japan was considered rich because it Japan imported luxury goods like silk from China and textiles from India. It paid with gold and silver for these imports. Other developments such as the increased use of money and the creation of a stock market in rice show that the economy was developing in new ways and becoming more rich.

Question 11. 
How did the modernisation of economy started in Japan ? 
Or
Mention the steps taken by the Meiji government to modernise the economy.
Answer:
Following steps were taken by the Meiji government to modemise.the economy :
(а) For modernization of the economy, funds were raised by levying and agricultural tax.

(b) Japan’s first railway line, between Tokyo and the port of Yokohama, was built in 1870-72.

(c) Textile machinery was imported from Europe and foreign technicians were employed to train workers, as well as to teach in universities and schools and Japanese students were sent abroad.

(d) In 1872, modem banking institutions were launched; Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were helped through subsidies in Japanese ships.

(e) Zaibatsu (large business organisations controlled by individual families) dominated the economy till after the Second World War.

Question 12. 
From the mid 1980 there has been an increasing decline in interest in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world. Why ?
Answer:
In 1960s saw the growth of civil society movements as industrialisation had been pushed with utter disregard to its effect on health and the environment. Cadmium poisoning, which led to a painful disease, was an early indicator, followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s and problems caused by air pollution in the early 1970s. Grass-roots pressure groups began to demand recognition of these problems as well as compensation for the victims.

Government action and new legal regulations helped to improve conditions. From the mid 1980s there has been an increasing decline in interest in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world. Today, as a developed country it faces the challenge of using its political and technological capabilities to maintain its ' position as a leading world power.

Question 13. 
Mention the steps taken by Japan to reduce strain on economy which was exerted due to paying for imports in gold and silver.    
Answer:
(a) Government imposed restrictions on the export of precious metals.    
(b) Silk industry was developed in Nishijin (Kyoto) so as to reduce import of silk. Very quickly this industry became the largest industry of the world.

Question 14. 
When did Commodose Mathew Perry reached Japan ? Write two conditions of the treaty which took place between USA and Japan because of his 1 efforts.
Answer:
Commodose Perry reached Japan in 1853 CE. Because of his efforts, a treaty was signed between the USA and Japan and its ’ two conditions were :
(а) Two ports of Japan were opened for American ships.
(b) America got freedom to do little bit of trade in Japan. This event is also known as ‘Japan’s Opening'.

Question 15. 
Explain the causes for the rise % of Nationalism in Japan.
Answer:
Following causes were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Japan :
(a) The Meiji constitution was based on a restricted franchise and created a Diet (i.e., parliament) with limited powers. The leaders who brought about the imperial restoration continued to exercise power and even established political parties.

(b) Between 1918 and 1931, popularly elected prime ministers formed cabinets. Thereafter, they lost power to national unity cabinets formed across party lines. The emperor was the commander of the forces and from 1890 this was interpreted to mean that the army and navy had independent control.

(c) In 1899, the prime minister ordered that only serving generals and admirals could become prime ministers. This strengthening of the military, together with the expansion of Japan's colonial empire was connected with the fear that Japan was at the mercy of the Western powers. This fear was used to silence opposition to militery expansion and to higher taxes to fund the armed forces.

(B) China

Question 1. 
Describe in brief China's Physiography, ethnic groups and languages.
Answer:
(a) China's Physiography : 
(i) China is a vast continental country that spans many climatic zones.
(ii) The core is dominated by three major river systems : the Yellow River, the Yangtse River and the Pearl River.

(b) Ethnic groups and languages: The dominant ethnic group are the' Han and the major language is Chinese, but there are other nationalities such as the Vighur, Hui, Manchu and Tibetan and apart from dialects such as Cantonese and Shanghainese there are other minority languages spoken as well.

Question 2. 
Write a short note on Chinese food.
Answer:
There existed regional diversity in China. It included four main types of food : 

(i) Southern or Cantonese cuisine is the best known. This is the cuisine of Canton and its interior regions. It is famous as most overseas Chinese came from the Canton area. It includes dim sum (literally touch your heart). It is a dish of pasteries and dumplings.

(ii) Wheat is the staple food in northern China.

(iii) Both rice and wheat are eaten in the eastern China.

(iv) In Szechuan, Buddhist monks brought spices in the ancient period along the silk route. Chillies were brought by Portuguese traders in the fifteenth century. These have created a fiery cuisine.

Question 3. 
What were the problems faced by China in the 19th century ?
Answer:
Problems faced by China in nineteenth century were :
(i) Manchu Dynasty : In 19th century China was under monarchy. The rulers of Manchu dynasty could not defend their empire from the European imperialists and Christian Missionaries. China had been turned into a happy hunting ground by the European traders and Christian Missionaries of various denominations.

(ii) Imperialism : China was subjected to worse kind of irresponsible imperialism as distinct from British rule in India where it had some sense of responsibility. This was done through several wars (opium wars) and a series of unequal treaties which threatened China’s integrity. Britain, France, USA, Russia, Germany and Japan exploited China for several years.

Question 4. 
What was the Cultural Revolution ?
Or
Who were the Red Guards ? What was their role in the Cultural Revolution ?
Answer:
Conflicts started between the Maoist and those who objected to his stress on ideology to create a socialist man. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution of 1965 was the result of this conflict. This revolution was launched by Mao to counter his critics.  

Features of this Revolution :
(a) The Red Guards, mainly students and the army, was used for a campaign against old culture, old customs and old habits.
(b) Students and professionals were sent to countryside to learn from the masses.
(c) Ideology of being a communist became more important than having professional knowledge.
(d) Rational debates were replaced by denunciations and slogAnswer:

Result :
(а) The Cultural Revolution led to a period of turmoil. Economy and educational system were disrupted.
(b) But the situation started to change from the late 1960s when the party once again laid stress on greater social discipline and the need to build an industrial economy so that China could become a power before the end of the century.

Question 5. 
What were the ‘Three Principles of Sun Yat-Sen’ ? Which ‘Four great needs’ were identified by the Guomindang under his leadership ?
Answer:
The Manchu empire was overthrown and republic was established under Sun Yat- Sen who is regarded as the founder of modem China. His programme was called the ‘Three Principles’. These were :
(а) Nationalism : It meant overthrowing the Manchu who were seen as a foreign dynasty as well a^ other imperialists.
(b) Democracy : It meant the establishment of a democratic government.
(c) Socialism : It meant regulating the capital and equalising landholdings.

The ‘Four Great Needs’ identified by the Guomindang under his leadership were :
(a) Clothing, 
(b) Food, 
(c) Housing,
(d) Transportation.

 
Question 6. 
When did the Communist Revolution tookplace in China ? What was its main importance ? What was its effect on the USA ?
Answer:
In October, 1949, the Communist Revolution took place in China and the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed and the Communist Party of China under the leadership of Mao Zedong came to power.

Importance: The Victory of the Communist     Revolution in China was a world-shaking event. The most populous country in the world had come under communist. Besides, the socialist countries of Europe, there were now mighty powers in the world the Soviet Union and x China - which were ruled by communist party. Imperialism was further weakened in Asia as a result of the Chinese Revolution.

Effect on USA: The establishment of the People’s Republic of China was a defeat for the USA. She refused to recognise the government of China. According to the USA, the legal government of China was that of : Chiang Kai-Shek in Taiwan (Farmosa).    

Question 7. 
Write a short note on the Chinese Guomindang.
Answer:
Chinese Guomindang : The    Guomindang Party was established in 1912 by a nationalist leader of China, Sun Yat Sen.    
It had three main aims :
(i) To liberate China from the foreign domination.    
(ii) To establish modern democratic institutions in China.    
(iii) To liberate the peasants from the clutches of the feudal lords by introducing long reforms.    
The party became very popular under Dr. Sun Yat Sen. The aims of this party were almost similar to those of Communist Party which was established in 1921.

But soon differences arose between the two parties. Sun , Yat Sen died in 1925 and the leadership of the Guomindang Party passed into the hands of Chiang-Kai-Shek. He committed atrocities on the communists. The communists leader Mao-Tse-Tung was compelled to undertake his 6000 miles Long March to increase his influence in North China.

Finally, in October 1949, he drove away Chiang-Kai-Shek to the  Island of Farmosa (Taiwan) and established communist rule in China. Thus K.M.T. met its fall.

Question 8. 
Write a short note on Mao's Great Leap Forward.
Answer:
The Great Leap Forward Movement was launched in 1958. It was a policy to galvanise the country for rapid industrialisation. People were encouraged to set up steel flirhances in their backyards. In the rural areas, people's communes (where land would be collectively owned and cultivated) were started. By 1958, there were 26,000 commianes covering 98% of the farm population.

Question 9. 
Write a brief description on the life of Mao-Zedong.
Answer:
Mao-Zedong (1893-1976) was an important leader of C.C.P. (Socialist Party) of China. He took a different path by basing his revolutionary programme on the peasantry. Chinese Communist Party become a powerful political force in China just    because of his efforts. It ultimately won against the Guomindang and established communist - government in China.

Radical Approach of Mao- Zedong : Mao-Zedong made strong and safe camps in the mountains of Jingxi during 1928-1934. He made these camps to secure from Guominding attacks. He organised a strong peasants’ council (Soviet). Unlike other leaders, Mao gave stress on independent " government and army. Mao-Zedong  was also aware of women problems. He supported the rural women’s associations. He also promulgated a new marriage law.

Question 10. 
How did the Qing dynasty try and meet the challenge posed by the western powers ?
Answer:
(i) Officials and the people were aware that some European countries were building colonial empires in India and elsewhere. News of China being defeated by the British was flowing in, and this was even depicted in popular plays, so that there was a real fear that Japan might be made a colony. Many scholars and leaders wanted to learn from the new ideas in Europe rather than ignore them as the Chinese were doing; others sought to exclude the Europeans even while being ready to adopt the new technologies they offered. Some argued for a gradual and limited ‘opening1 to the outer world.

(ii) The government launched a policy with the slogan ‘fukoku kyohei’ (rich country, strong army). They realised that they needed to develop their economy and build a strong army, otherwise they would face the prospect of being subjugated like India. To do this they needed to create a sense of nationhood among the people, and to transform subject into citizens.

(iii) At the same time, the new government also worked to build what they called the ‘emperor system’. (Japanese scholars use, this terms as the emperor was part of a system, along with the bureaucracy and the military, that exercised power). Officials were sent to study the European monarchies on which they planned to model their own.

The emperor would be treated with reverence as he was considered a direct descendant of the Sun Goddess but he was also shown as the leader of westernisation. His birthday became a national holiday, he wore western-style military uniforms, and edicts were issued in his name to set up moden institutions.

Question 11. 
According to Mao, mention five loves. Mass organisation were created for whom ?
Answer:
(a) Mao was able to mobilise the masses to attain the goals set by the Party. His concern was with creating a ‘socialist man’ who would have five loves: fatherland, people, labour, science and public property.

(b) Mass organisations were Created for farmers, women, students and other groups.

(c) For instance, the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation had 76 million members, the All-China Students Federation 3.29 million members.

(d) These objectives and methods did not appeal to everyone in the Party. In 1953-54, some were urging for more attention to industrial organisation and economic growth.

(e) Liu Shaochi (1896-1969) and Deng Xiaoping (1904-97) tried to modify the commune system as it was not working efficiently. The steel produced in the backyard furnaces was unusable industrially. 

Question 12.
Why the social and political situation continued to be unstable in China on 4th May 1919. ?
Answer:
(a) The social and political situation continued to be unstable on 4 May, 1919, an angry demonstration was held in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the post-war peace, conference.

(b) Despite being an ally of the victorious side led by Britain, China did not get back the territories seized from it.

(c) The protest became a movement. It galvanised a whole generation to attack tradition and to call for saving China through modem science, democracy and nationalism.

(d) Revolutionaries called for driving out the foreigners, who were controlling the country’s resources, to remove inequalities and reduce poverty.

(e) They advocated reforms such as the use of simple language in writing, abolishing the practice of foot-binding and the  subordination of women, equality in marriage, and economic development to end poverty.

(f) After the republican revolution the country entered a period of turmoil. The Guomindang (the National People’s Party) and the CCP emerged as major forces striving to unite the country and bring stability.     

Question 13. 
How Sun Yat-Sen’s ideas became the basis of the Political Philosophy of the Guomindang ?    
Answer:
(a) Sim Yat-Sen’s ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang.    

(b) They identified the ‘four great needs’ as clothing, food, housing and transportation. After the death of Sun Yat Sen, Chiang Kai Shek (1887-1975) emerged as the leader of U the Guomindang as he launched a military campaign to control the ‘warlords’ regional leaders who had usurped authority, and to 1 eliminate the communists. 

(c) He advocated a secular and rational ‘this-worldly’ Confucianism, but also sought to militarise the nation. The people, he said,must develop a ‘habit and instinct for unified 'behaviour’.    

(d) He encouraged women to cultivate the four virtues of chastity, appearance, speech and work and recognise their role as confined to the household. Even the length of hemlines was prescribed.    

Question 14. 
Why the Guomindang despite ’ its attempts to unite the country failed?
Answer:
The Guomindang’s social base was in urban areas. Industrial growth was slow and limited. In cities such as Shanghai, by 1919 an industrial working class had appeared numbering 500,000. Of these, however, only a small percentage were   employed in modern industries such as shipbuilding. Most were ‘petty urbanites’ (Xiao shimin), traders and shopkeepers. Urban ‘workers, particularly women, earned very low wages. Working hours were long and ‘ conditions of work bad.

The Guomindang despite its attempts to unite the country failed because of its narrow social base and limited political vision. A major plank in Sim Yat-Sen’s programme regulating capital and equalising land was never carried out because the party ignored the peasantry and the rising social inequalities. It sought to impose military order rather than address the problems faced by the people.

Question 15.
What is meant by Long March?
Answer:
The Guomindang blockage of the Communist Soviet forced the party to seek another base. This led them to go on what came to be called the Long March (1934 - 35), 6000 gruelling and difficult miles to Shanxi. Here, in their new base in Yanan, they
• further developed their programme to end 1 warlordism, carry out land reforms and fight
• foreign imperialism. This was then a strong; social base. In the difficult years of the war,the communists and Guomindang worked together, but after the end of the war the communists established themselves in power and the Guomindang was defeated.

Question 16. 
What was the kind of examination system in China giving entry to the elite ruling class in China ?
Answer:
Examination system can he explained as follows :
(a) Entry to the elite ruling class had been largely through an examination which required writing an eight-legged essay in classical Chinese in a prescribed form.
(b) The examination was held twice every three years, at different levels and of those allowed to sit only 1-2% passed the first level, usually by the age of 24, to become what was called ‘beautiful talent’.
(c) The examination acted as a barrier to the development of science and technology as it demanded only literary skills.
(d) In 1905, it was abolished as it was based on skills in classical Chinese learning that had, it was felt, no relevance for the modem world.

Question 17. 
How do you appreciate the life of Mao-Zedong ?
Answer:
Mao-Zedong (1893-1976) was an important leader of C.C.P. (Socialist Party) of China. He took a different path by basing his revolutionary programme on the peasantry. Chinese Communist Party become a powerful political force in China just because of his efforts. It ultimately won against the Guomindang and established communist government in China.

Mao-Zedong made strong and safe comps in the mountains of Jiangxi during 1928¬1934. He made these comps to secure from Guomindang attacks. He organised a strong peasant’s council (Soviet). Unlike other leaders, Mao gave stress on independent government and army. Mao-Zedong was also aware of women problems. He supported the rural women’s associations. He also promulgated a new marriage law.

Question 18. 
What did people’s Republic of China do for humanity ?
Answer:
Government of ‘people’s Republic of China’ in China was established in 1949. It was based on the principles of New Democracy. New Democracy was an alliance of all social classes. Main areas of economy were kept under the control of government. Private industries and land holdings were gradually removed. This programme lasted till 1953 when government declared the beginning of programme of Socialist transformation. 

In 1958, the Great Leap Forward movement was launched to industirialise the country rapidly. People were encouraged to set-up steel furncaces at the backyard of their homes. ‘People’s communes’ were started in the rural areas. These include people with land holdings. They used to grow the crops collectively.

Question 19. 
Write a short note on Confucianism.
Answer:
Confucianism developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It was concerned with good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships. It influenced the Chinese attitude towards life, provided social standards and laid the basis for political^hSories and institutions.

Question 20. 
Why was the examination system which was prevailing in China, abolished in 1905 ?
Answer:
The was so because
(а) The examination system demanded only literary skills (i.e., classical Chinese learning) which had no relevance for the modem world.    
(b) This kind of examination system acted as a barrier to the development of science and technology.

Question 21. 
Write a short note on Opium Trade.
Answer:
Opium trade can be explained as follows:
(a) The demand for Chinese goods such as tea, silk and procelain created a serious balance of trade problems.
(b) Western goods did not And a market in China, so payment had to be in silver.
(c) The East India Company found a new option - Opium which grew in India. They sold the opium in China and gave the silver
that they earned to the, company agents in ’ Canton in return for letters of credit.
(d) The company used the silver to buy; tea, silk and procelain to sell in Britain. This was the opium trade or the ‘Hiangular Trade’ 11 between Britain, India and China.    

Question 22. 
Why did Mao Zedong conducted a survey in 1930 CE ? What was its objectives ?    
Answer:
Mao Zedong conducted a survey in - 1930 where he looked at everyday commodities such as salt and soyabeans, at the relative '' strengths of local organisations, at petty traders and craftsman, ironsmiths and; prostitutes and the strength of religious organisations. Its objective was to get information about the levels of exploitation. 

Question 23.
How the transfuriaainm of Taiwan into a democracy was dramatic; 
Answer:
Even more dramatic has been the transformation of Taiwan into a democracy. It began slowly after the death of Chiang in  1975 and grew in momentum when martial law was lifted in 1987 and opposition parties, were legally permitted. The first free elections began the process of bringing local Taiwanese to power. Diplomatically most countries have only trade missions in Taiwan. Full diplomatic relations and embassies are not, possible as Taiwan is considered to be part of 7 China.    

The question of re-unification with the 'mainland remains a contentious issue but ' “Cross Strait” relations (that is between Taiwan and China) have been improving and Taiwanese trade and investments in the mainland are massive and travel has also become easier. China may be willing to tolerate a semi-autonomous Taiwan as long as it gives up any move to seek independence. 

Long Answer Type Questions

(A) Japan    

Question 1. 
Describe the main facts regarding the modernisation of Japan and China.
Answer:
The histories of Japan and China show how different historical conditions led them on widely devergent paths to building independent and modem nations.

Main facts regarding the modernisation of Japan are :

(a) Industrial societies far from becoming like each other have found their own paths to - become modem. The histories of Japan and China show how different historical conditions led them on widely divergent paths to building independent and modem nations. Japan was successful in retaining its independence and using traditional skills and practices in new ways. However, its elite-driven modernisation, helped to sustain a repressive regime that stifled dissent and demands for democracy, and established a colonial empire that left a legacy of hatred in the region as well as distorted internal developments.

(b) Japan’s programme of modernisation was carried out in an environment dominated by Western imperial powers. While it imitated them it also attempted to find its own solutions. Japanese nationalism was marked by these different compulsions-while many Japanese hoped to liberate Asia from Western dominations, for others these ideas justified building an empire.

(c) It is important to note that the transformation of social and political institutions and daily life was not just a question of reviving traditions or tenaciously preserving them, but rather of creatively using them in new and different ways. For instance, the Meiji school system, modelled on European and American practices, introduced new subjects but the curriculum’s main ' objective was to make loyal citizens. A course on morals that stressed loyalty to the emperor was compulsory. Similarly, changes in the family or in daily life show how foreign and indigenous ideas were brought together to create something new.

China

(a) The Chinese path to modernisation was very different. Foreign imperialism, both Western and Japanese, combined with a hesitant and unsure Qing dynasty to weaken government control and set the stage for a breakdown of political and social order leading to immense misery for most of the people.

(b) Warlordism, banditry and civil war exacted a heavy toll on human lives, as did the savagery of the Japanese invasion. Natural disasters added to this burden.

(c) The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw a rejection of traditions and a search for ways to build national unity and strength.

(d) The CCP and its supporters fought to put an end to tradition, which they saw as keeping the masses in poverty, the women subjugated and the country undeveloped.

Question 2. 
How did the reformation of Japanese administration and economy took place under the Meiji government?
Or
What do you understand by Meiji Restoration ? Analyse the reforms that took place in Japanese administration and economy under the Meiji government.
Answer:
Modernisation of economy was one of the major feature of Maiji reforms. For this, following steps were taken :
(i) Funds were collected by levying tax on agriculture. ‘

(ii) In 1870-1872, first railway line was, built in Japan between Tokyo and the port of Yokohama.

(iii) Machines were imported from Europe for textile industry. Foreign technicians were called to train workers and to teach, in Universities and schools. 

(iv) A number of Japanese Students were sent abroad to study.

(v) Modern banking institutions were launched in 1872.

(vi) Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were given subsidies and tax benefits. They became major ship builder companies. Now Japanese trade was carried on through Japancese ships. Large business organisations like Zaibatsu dominated the economy even till after the second world war.

(vii) Population of Japan was 35 million in 1872 which become 55 million in 1920. Government encouraged migration to reduce the population pressure. First of all people were sent to northern island of Hokkaido. It was a largly autonomous region where the indigenous people ‘Ainu’ lived. After this people were sent to Hawaii, Brazil and to growing colonial empire of Japan. People started to shift to urban areas with the industrial development. Till 1925,21% of total population lived in cities which increased up to 32% in 1935.

(viii) The number of industrial labour in Japan was 700,000 in 1870 which reached up to four million in 1913. Most of them worked in the units having less than five people and where there was hardly any use of machines and electric power. More than half of the total labourers working in industries were women. After 1900, this number of males started to increase and this number crossed the number of women only in the decade of 1030.    

Question 3. 
Why did Japan and Germany join, the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936 ? What were its objectives ?
Answer:
Scare of Communism brought Hitler close to Japan. Both countries feared that the Comintern, or Communist International, the organisation set up by Lenin in 1919, to sponsor communist revolutions all over the world, may start implementing the policy after Stalin’s five year plan began to show positive results at home. The Anti-comintem pact, which Germany and Japan signed on 25
 
November 1936, was superficially nothing more than a propaganda trick by which the y two countries hoped to exploit the universal hatred for communism. It is important to pointout here that in the previous year, Britain, France and Italy had formed an alliance called the Stessa Front to condemn Hitler’s rearmanent programme. France had also taken the step strengthening diplomatic relations with the USSR fearing the re emergence of Germany as a threat.    

These two factors disturbed Hitler and therefore he stepped up efforts to win global opinion for himself as a fighter against     communism. But there was a secret protocol in the Anti-Comintern Pact. In ensured that in the case of an attack by the USSR against Germany or Japan, the two nations would consult on what measures to take to safeguard their common interests’ and also ‘to take no measures which would tend to ease the situation for the USSR’. It was also agreed that neither party to the treaty would enter into bilateral treaties with the USSR without  mutual consent.    

Question 4. 
What did the Western powers do, to counter the aggressive acts of Japan, Italy and Germany between 1931 and 1938?
Answer:
The fascist powers like Germany, Italy and Japan followed a policy of aggressive militarism against other countries between 1931 and 1938.    
(i)  In 1931 Japan attacked China and captured Manchuria. England, France and USA kept mum because they thought that Japan could be used to weaken China and : USSR.    

(ii) In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Leagua of Nations condemned Italy’s role and imposed economic sanction against her. However, no concrete step was taken to punish Italy.

(iii) The Fascist forces in Italy and, to topple the Popular Democratic Government in Spain backed by USSR, Britain and France did not intervene. Ultimately, the fascist forces toppled the democracy and General Franco established his dictatorship in 1939.

(iv) Germany captured Austria in 1938 and annexed whole of Czechoslovakia. England and France did nothing to check Germany. The Second War could have been averted if the western countries had not followed the policy of appeasement.

Question 5. 
How did Japan re-emerged as a global economic power after its defeat ?
Answer:
(a) Japan’s attempt to came out a colonial empire ended with its defeat by the Allied forces. It has been argued that nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to shorten the war. But others think the immense destruction and suffering it caused were unnecessary. Under the US-led occupation (1945-47) Japan was demilitarised and a new constitution introduced. 

This had Article d, the so-called ‘no war clause’ that renounces the use of war as an instrument of state policy. Agrarian reforms, the re¬establishment of trade unions and an attempt to dismantle the zaibatsu or large monopoly houses that dominated the Japanese economy were also carried out. Political parties were revived and the first post-war elections held in 1946 where women voted for the first time.

(b) The rapid rebuilding of the Japanese economy after its shattering defeat was called a post war ‘miracle’. But it was more than that it was firmly rooted in its long history. The constitution was democratised only now, but the Japanese had a historic tradition of popular struggles and intellectual engagement with ‘how to broaden political participation. The social cohesion of the pre-war years was strengthened, allowing for a close working of the government, bureaucracy and industry. US support, as well as the demand created by the Korean and the Vietnam wars also helped the Japanese economy. 

(c) The 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo 4 marked a symbolic coming age. In much the same way the network of high-speed Shinkansen or bullet trains, started in 1964, which ran at 200 miles per hour (now it is 300 miles per hour) have come to represent the ability of the Japanese to use advanced technologies to produce better and cheaper goods.

(d) The 1960s saw the growth of civil society movements as industrialisation had been pushed with utter disregard to its effect on health and environment. Cadmium poisoning, which led to painful disease, was an early indicator, followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s and problems caused by air pollution in the early 1970s. Grass-roots pressure groups began to demand recognition of these problems as well as compensation for the victims. Government action and new legal regulations helped to improve conditions.

(e) From the mid 1980s there has been an increasing decline in interest in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the stricted environmental controls in the world. Today, as a developed country, it faces the challenge of using its political and technological capabilities to maintain its position as a leading world power.

(B) China

Question 1. 
Do you think that Mao Zedong and Communist Party of China were successful in liberating China and laying the basis of its current success ?
Answer:
In China, after Mao’s death, a struggle for power started in which Deng Xiaoping came out victorious. During the cultural revolution, he was dismissed from the office of the Secretary General of the party for having too liberal views.

Deng’s Achievements :

(i)  After having strengthened his position, he made dramatic changes in the country’s communist system. All the changes made during the cultural revolution were reversed.
(ii) The democratically elected parties took the place of revolutionary committees. 
(iii) Confiscated property was restored to the descendents of the actual owners.
(iv) The people were granted religious freedom and intellectuals were free to express their views.
(v) In the economic sector Deng and his follower Hu Yaobang, took various steps to encourage investment by the western entrepreneurs for the modernisation of industries, agriculture, science and technology in China.
(vi) In 1980, China also became the member of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
(vii) Many agricultural reforms were also introduced.
(viii) The state owned collective farms were given more powers in the matters of administration and planning.
(ix) The practice of giving bonus and dividend was encouraged.
(x) Taxes were reduced the encourage production.

As a result of these reforms, there was a gradual increase in food production and the per capita income. Deng’s message was “It is not crime to become rich”. He stopped party's interference in the economic system of the country. There was a remarkable change in the life of the Chinese people. By the end of the twentieth century, the per capita income in China reached twelve hundred dollar per annum. Thus China emerged as a modem industrial nation.

Impact on Democratic Movements : Deng’s reforms increased the expectations of the people. In 1978, people in Beizing and other towns of China demanded more reforms. To control the situation, the government banned the demonstrations. On the other hand, the people started building “democracy walls” all over China where people pasted posters and graffity demanding a wide range of human rights. 

Chairman was denigrated and lampooned on these walls. Being an ardent supporter of the party, Deng could not tolerate all this. He held that without the parties control, China will disintegrate and anarcy would spread in the country. He imposed ban on “democracy walls’' movement and imprisoned many of its top leaders.

These leaders were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Despite all that, the people did  not face dreadful terrorism of Mao’s time. In fact, Deng’s reforms and other measures encouraged democratic movements but the government soon suppressed them.    

Question 2. 
The negative example of colonised countries worked powerfully on Chinese thinkers. Explain this statement.    
Answer:
Qing reformers such as Kang Youwei and Liong Qichao realised the need to strengthen the system and initiated policies, to build a modem administrative system, a new army and an educational system, and set - up local assemblies to establish constitutional government. They saw the need to protect China from colonisation.    

The negative example of colonised countries worked powerfully on Chinese thinkers. The partition of Poland in the eighteenth century was a much discussed example. So much so that by the late 1890s it came to be used as a verb: ‘to Poland us’ (Bolan wo). India was another such example. In 1903, the thinker Liang Qichao, who believed that only by making people aware that China was a nation would they be able to resist the ^West, wrote that India was ‘a country that was destroyed by a non-country that is the East India Company.

He criticised Indians for being cruel to their own people and subservient to the British. Such arguments carried a powerful appeal as ordinary Chinese could see that the  British used Indian soldiers in their wars on China.  Above all many felt that traditional ways of thinking had to be changed. Confucianism, developed from the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE) and his disciples, was concerned with good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships. It influenced the Chinese attitude towards life, provided social standards and laid the basis for political theories and institutions. It was now seen as a major barrier to new ideas and institutions.

lb train people in modem subjects students were sent to study in Japan, Britain and France and bring back new ideas. Many Chinese students went to Japan in the 1890s. They not only brought back new ideas but many became leading republicans. The Chinese borrowed even Japanese translations of European words such as justice, rights, and revolution because they used the same ideographic script, a reversal of the traditional relationship. In 1905, just after the Russo- Japanese war (a war fought on Chinese soil and over Chinese territory) the centuries old Chinese examination system that gave candidates party into the elite ruling class was abolished.    

Question 3. 
Examine the role of Mao Zedong in the Chinese Communist Revolution.
Answer:
(i) The Japanese went on carving out more and more areas in China and exploited them. They set up a puppet regime in Manchuria called Manchukuo. The communists, then led by Mao Zedong were also getting organised. Rural Soviets numbering a dozen had sprang up in various parts of China by 1930.

(ii) The Communists generally created socio-political consciousness among the peasantry initiated much needed land reforms, and generated a new atmosphere in this agrarian society. There were armed clashes between the landed gently and the peasants inspired by Maoist ideology. Mao had deviated from the Soviet Communist Party line.

(iii) Mao gradually consolidated his position and realized that in a less industrialized society like that of China, the peasantry alone can play a revolutionary role.

He moved into the interior regions of China and set-up his authority known as the ‘Jiangxi Soviet’. There were series of armed clashes between Chiang’s army and Mao’s men in 1934. The Communists could not stand the attack and then Mao with 1,50,000 followers had to beat a hasty retreat to the Yenan province. It is estimated that only 30,000 of them ultimately survived and reached their destination. This retreat came to be known in the Communist folklore as the ‘Long March’.

(iv) The Communist Party on the other hand, was a party of workers and peasants. In the areas under Communists Party’s control, the estates of landlords had been expropriated and the land distributed among the peasants. Because of the policies pursued by the Communist Party, it gradually had won over millions of Chinese people to its side. The Communist Party had also organised a huge army called the People’s Liberation Army. After the defeat of Japan and the driving out of the Japanese forces from China the Civil War again broke out. 

The Government of the United States gave massive aid to Chiang Kai- Shek but by 1949 his armies were completely routed. With the remnants of his troops, Chiang Kai-Shek went to Taiwan (Formosa) which had been occupied by Japan after she had defeated China in 1895. On 1st October, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed and Communist Party of China under the leadership of Mao Zedong come to power.

Question 4. 
Describe the main develop¬ments in China between 1911 and 1924.
Answer:
(i) As in most of the countries in the 19th century, the rising middle class in China also realised the necessity of reform. Through the efforts of students and others emerged many secret clubs eager to take their country forward. Their premier revolutionary organisation, Tong Meng Hui was led by a physician Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925), a Christian. He was greatly helped by the prosperous Chinese diaspora.

(ii) The revolutionary programme of Tong Meng Hui was based on the principles namely Peoples’ Rules or Democracy’s Peoples Nationalism and Peoples’ Livelihood. They had an agenda of political reform and played a major role in the revolution of 1911, which posted the Mencho dynasty. Sun-Yat-Sen became the first President but only for a fortnight. Their new capital was at Nanjing. His successor, General Yuan Shikai was more inclined towards the monarchial regime, and much really changed for the better.

(iii) The Chinese got a fairly liberal constitution in 1912, but it did not last long : it was suspended. This was a signal for chaos. The ruler landed gentry in collaboration with the military governors known as the warlords were now the effective rulers of China. They were rapacious in collection of taxes and ruthless otherwise. Sun Yat Sen had to flee abroad, and he founded another political party - Ching Kuomintang (Revolutionary Party of China).

(iv) Yuan Shikai enjoyed the support of the imperial powers and hie banned the revolutionary organisations. China was so weak that Japan demanded its immediate compliance with some atrocious demands known as the 21 points.

(v) China joined the Allied powers in the 1st World War. The 21 demands made by Japan on China in January 1915, was an ultimatum which had to be accepted by the later within 48 hours. It is not only sought practical control over Manchuria but also a virtual dominance over China. It has been described as the first enunciation of the polity of Asia for the Asiatic as propounded by Japan. Hence it is also called a Japanese version of ‘Asiatic Manroe doctrine’. China accepted most of demands. It was a big blow to her prestige. The USA kept quiet after , protesting that it was violation of the ‘Open Door Polity’.    

(vi) After the end of the First World War,Sun Yat-Sen with the help of warlords set-up a government with headquarters at Canton. Despite political instability and growing uncertainty, China was economically doing quite well. Modem industries were growing, up in Wuhan on the Yangtze river and Sheriyang in southen Manchuria and investment was flowing in Chinese middlemen called compradors helped the western companies in their marketing operations. Certain sectors of economy related to electricity, kerosene, tobacco, looms for textile; production and steamships showed growth and technological improvement. Progress in the educational field was another important development.    

(vii) One important political development of this period was the massive demonstration by the students of Peking University on 4 May 1919, known as the May Fourth Movement. It spread to other parts of the country. It was directed against their politicians and foreign powers. Besides students, the May Fourth Movement also enjoyed the support of the teachers, workers and men from the business community. 

It started as a protest against shouting provisions. Boycott of foreign goods was an item on their agenda too. This movement has been seen as a part of a large cultural movement covering the period of 1916-1921. It was a major manifestation of the resurgent Chinese nationalism. It was then that the Communist Party was set-up in Shanghai in 1921 with Lenin’s Comintern providing help.

(viii) Sun Yat-Sen gradually came under the communist influence and revised his three principles to accommodate the Chinese Communist Party in the First United Front (1924). Backed up by them, Sun Yat-Sen set up a military academy at Whompoa, near Canton. The Kuomintang Party and the  Communists then set-up an United Front to tackle the political problem.    

(ix) There were frequent clashes between the foreign owned factories protected by foreign security forces and the nationalists. Scores of Chinese protesters were killed. The Communists made use of the propaganda department of the United Front Government to popularize their ideas among the working class people. This was one of the reasons for the final break with Nationalist Government. Finally, the Shanghai massacres (1927) led to the end of the United Front.

Question 5. 
Discuss the consequences and importance of Chinese Revolution of 1911.
Answer:
Two main consequences were came out of Chinese Revolution of 1911-end of the Manchu empire and establishment of ! Republic. But importance of this revolution was not confined to only these two facts. Actually this revolution was the victory of republic over monarchy. Ohe of the important feature of this revolution was that this victory was achieved without any bloodshed. Except I this Chinese people got a Constitution and declaration of soyereignty of people was made.

Another important feature of this revolution was that revolutionaries accepted representative of the emperor Chiang Kai- Shek, as the President of Republic of China. Except this foreign powers also remained neutral in this revolution. This revolution also spread a sense of nationalism among the masses. It made free the Chinese people from their exploitation as well.

Question 6. 
What was the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ? What was its result ?
Answer:
Conflict started between the Maoists who wanted to create a socialist Man and those who objected to his stress on ideology. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution of 1965 was the result of this conflict. Mao started this revolution to face his critics. The Red Guards, mainly students and the army, was used to start compaign against old culture, old customs and old habits. Students and professionals were sent to rural areas to learn from the common masses. Ideology of being a communist became more important than having professional knowledge. Rational debates were replaced by Denunciations and slogans.

Result: Turmoil started in country with cultural revolution. Economy and educational system were disrupted. But the situation started to change from the late 1960s. In 1975, the Party once again started to give stress on strict social discipline and the need to build an... 

Source Based Questions 

1. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :

The Examination System Entry to the elite ruling class (about 1.1 million till -1850) had been largely through an examination. This required writing an eight-legged essay [pa-ku wen] in classical Chinese in a prescribed form. The examination was held twice every three years, at different  levels and of those allowed to sit. only 1-2 per cent passed the first level, usually by the age of 24, to become what was called ‘beautiful talent’. 

At any given time before 1850 there were about 526,869 civil and 212,330 military provincial (sheng-yuan) degreeholders in the whole country. Since there were only 27,000 official positions, many lower-level degree holders did not have jobs. The examination acted as a barrier to the development of science and technology as it demanded only literary skills. In 1905, it was abolished as it was based on skills in classical Chinese learning that had, it was felt, no relevance for the modern world.

(i) What is the full form (meaning of) Pa-ku Wen ?
Answer:
It means examination system required writing of eight-legged essay in classical Chinese prescribe form.

(ii) How many civil and military provincial degree holders in the whole country before 1850 ?
Answer:
Military provincial degree holders = 212330.
Civil provincial degree holders = 526869.

(iii) What values it depicts ?
Answer:
Importance of education.

(iv) What were its deficiency ?
Answer:
This examination system acted as a big barrier on the development of science and technology.

2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow : Car-Club

Moga: An abbreviation for ‘modem girl’. It represented the coming together in the twentieth century of ideas of gender equality, a cosmopolitan culture and a developed economy. The new middle-class families enjoyed new forms of travel and entertainment. Transport in cities improved with electric trams, public parks were opened from 1878, and department stores began to be built. 

In Ibkyo, the Ginza became a fashionable area for Ginbura, a word combining ‘Ginza’ and ‘burbura’ (walking aimlessly). The first radio stations opened in 1925. Matsui Sumako, an actress, became a national star with her portrayal of Nora in the Norwegian writer Ibsen’s ADoll’s House. Movies began to be made in 1899 and soon there were a dozen companies making hundreds of films. The period was one of great vitality and the questioning of traditional norms of social and political behaviour.
 
(i) What is the meaning of abbreviation Moga ?    
Answer:
Moga means modem girl.    

(ii) What does it represent ?    
Answer:
It represents the gender equality. 

(iii) When was first radio-station opened ?    
Answer:
In 1925.

(iv) Who became famous as National Star ?
Answer:
Matsui Sumaka.    

(v) On which values this passage based ?
Answer:
Gender equality, traditional norms of social and political behaviour.    

3. Read the given below value passage and answer the questions which follow:    

Tale of the Gepji : A fictionalised diary of the Heian court  written by Murasaki Shikibu, the Tale of the Genji became the central work of fiction in Japanese literature. That period saw the, emergence of many women writers, like Murasaki, who wrote in the Japanese script, While men wrote in the Chinese script, used for education and government. The novel depicts the romantic life of Prince Genji and is a striking picture of the aristocratic atmosphere of the Heian court. It shows the independence that women had in choosing their husbands and living their lives.    

(i) Who wrote fictionalised diary ?    
Answer:
Murasaki Shikibu.    

(ii) What is the Tale of the Genji’ ?    
Answer:
It is the central work of fiction in Japanese literature.    

(iii) Write the name of a woman writer whose name is mentioned in this passage.
Answer:
Murasaki.    

(iv) What value does passage depicts ?    
Answer:
Independence of women in their living. 

Map Questions
 
Question 1. 
On the map of China, mark and locate the route of Long March.
Answer:

Question 2.
On the map of Asia locate the extent of Japan with Manchuria.
Answer:

Choose the Correct Option:

Question 1. 
Which country is called The Land of Rising Sun ?
(a) China    
(b) Japan
(c) Russia    
(d) England
Answer:
(b) Japan.

Question 2. 
Japan is situated in the
(а) Pacific Ocean
(b) Atlantic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Antarctic Ocean 
Answer:
(a) Pacific Ocean.

Question 3.
Edo is now called    ...............
(a) Singapore    
(b) Shanghai
(c) Tokyo    
(d) Hong-Kong
Answer:
(c) Tokyo.

Question 4. 
Which is the main crop of Japan ?
(a) Rice    
(b) Wheat
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Maize 
Answer:
(a) Rice.

Question 5. 
Japan consists of more than ...... islands.
(a) 1000    
(b) 4000
(c) 2000    
(d) 3000
Answer:
(d) 3000.

Question 6. 
When was feudalism abolished in Japan ?
(a) 1860    
(b) 1880
(c) 1890    
(d) 1871
Answer:
(d) 1871.

Question 7. 
Mutsohito became the emperor of Japan in 1868. He ascended the throne at:
(a) Shimoda    
(b) Hokodate
(c) Tokyo    
(d) Honshu
Answer:
(c) Tokyo.

Question 8. 
The staple food of Japanese is ..............
(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Maize    
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Rice.

Question 9. 
When was Japanese women university set up ?
(a) 1902    
(b) 1901
(c) 1904    
(d) 1907
Answer:
(b) 1901.

Question 10. 
Which of these banks was established in 1882 ?
(a) Bank of Japan 
(b) Bank of China 
(c) Bank of Russia 
(d) Bank of India 
Answer:
(a) Bank of Japan.

Question 11. 
When was treaty of Shimonoseki signed ?
(a) 1890    
(b) 1895
(c) 1893    
(d) 1897
Answer:
(b) 1895.

Question 12. 
Russia formed a defence alliance with China in which of the following year    .
(a) 1890    
(b) 1806
(c) 1893    
(d) 1896
Answer:
(d) 1896.

Question 13. 
Where was atomic bomb dropped on 6th August 1945 C.E. ?
(a) Nagasaki
(b) Hiroshima
(c) Both (a) and (b) 
(d) None of them 
Answer:
(b) Hiroshima.

Question 14.
World War-II came to an end with the surrender of:
(a) China    
(b) Germany
(c) Russia    
(d) Japan
Answer:
(d) Japan.

Question 15. 
Huang Ho river is known an ............. in China.
(a) Red River    
(b) Yellow River
(c) Placer deposition
(d) Formation of Alluvial Plain 
Answer:
(b) Yellow River.

Question 16. 
When was Meiji Constitution of 1889 replaced by a new constitution ?
(a) 1905    
(b) 1911
(c) 1947    
(d) 1943
Answer:
(c) 1947.

Question 17. 
When were Olympic Games hosted in Japan’s capital Tokyo ?
(a) 1964    
(b) 1968
(c) 1984    
(d) 1992
Answer:
(a) 1964.

Question 18. 
When was the Treaty of Nanking signed ?
(a) 29 Aug. 1842 
(b) 15 Aug. 1842 
(c) 15 Aug. 1942 
(d) 26 Aug. 1942 
Answer:
(a) 29 Aug. 1842.

Question 19. 
Under the treaty of Tienstin how many new Chinese ports open for foreign trade and commerce ?
(a) 15    
(b) 13
(c) 11    
(d) 18
Answer:
(c) 11.