RBSE Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How many plants are grown in India?
(A) 42,000 
(B) 45,000
(C) 47,000 
(D) 50,000
Answer:
(C) 47,000 

 

2. Gir forest are the habitat of
(A) Fir mice 
(B) Donkey
(C) Camels 
(D) Lion
Answer:
(D) Lion

3. In how many rainy areas are the trees of cinchona found?
(A) 100 cm 
(B) 70 cm
(C) 50 cm 
(D) Less than 50 cm
Answer:
(A) 100 cm 

4. Deltaic soils supports vegetation.
(A) Coniferous 
(B) Monsoon
(C) Cactus 
(D) Mangroves
Answer:
(D) Mangroves

5. Which state has the longest area under forests?
(A) Assam
(B) Meghalaya
(C) Madhya Pradesh
(D) Bihar
Answer:
(C) Madhya Pradesh

6. At which height deodar tree is found?
(A) 500-1000 metres
(B) 1000-1500 metres
(C) 1500-3000 metres
(D) 3000-4000 metres
Answer:
(C) 1500-3000 metres

7. Royal Bengal Tiger is found in-
(A) Mahanadi Delta
(B) Kavery Delta
(C) Sunderbans
(D) Krishna Delta
Answer:
(C) Sunderbans

8. Which is a bird sanctuary?
(A) Kanha Kisli 
(B) Bharatpur
(C) Kawal 
(D) Shivpuri
Answer:
(B) Bharatpur

9. In which of the following state or Union territory is the Similipal bio-reserve located?
(A) Punjab 
(B) Delhi
(C) Odisha 
(D) West Bengal
Answer:
(C) Odisha 

10. What kind of plant is rubber related to?
(A) Tundra 
(B) Himalaya
(C) Mangrove 
(D) Tropical rainforests.
Answer:
(D) Tropical rainforests.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
How much part of total geographical area of India is under forests?
Answer: 
22 per cent.

Question 2. 
How much area (in Hectares) is under forests in India?
Answer: 
750 lakh Hectares.

Question 3. 
Name three products gathered from forests.
Answer: 
Rubber, gum and tanning material.

Question 4. 
Name two geographical factors on which the growth of forests depend.
Answer: 

1. Amount of rainfall 
2. Altitude. 

Question 5. 
State the annual rainfall and tem¬perature required for tropical evergreen forests.
Answer: 

1. More than 200 cm of rainfall
2. 25° - 27° C temperature.

Question 6. 
State the annual rainfall required for deciduous monsoon forests.
Answer: 
150 - 200 cm.

Question 7. 
Name three important trees found in tropical evergreen forests.
Answer: 
Rosewood, Ebony and Gurjan.

Question 8. 
Why are monsoon forests called Deciduous forests?
Answer: 
Because these shed their leaves in summer.

Question 9. 
Name two states in India noted for Deodar trees.
Answer: 
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh.

Question 10. 
Where is the Forest Research Institute located?
Answer: 
Dehradun.

Question 11. 
Name two typical forests found in Tidal forests.
Answer: 
Sundari and Gurjan.

Question 12. 
According to scientific norm, how much area of a country should be under forests?
Answer: 
33%.

Question 13.
Name three typical trees of coniferous forests.
Answer: 
Pine, Deodar, Silver fir.

Short Answer Type Question

Question 1. 
Which exotic species is known as “Terror. of Bengal’? Why is it called so? 
Or
Why does the exotic flora become a problem for us? Name two such species.
Answer: 
Nearly 40% of plant species found in India have come from outside and are called exotic plants. These plants have been brought from Sino-Tibetan, African and Indo-Malayasian areas. These plants were brought as decorative garden plants in India. These plants grow rapidly as weeds under hot-wet tropical conditions. These rapidly multiply so that it is difficult to eradicate these. These reduce the useful land cover. These prevent the growth of economic plants. These spread diseases and are a hazard to public health. Lantana and water Hyacinth are two such species. Water Hyacinth is known as “Terror of Bengal”. It has choked up all the water courses like rivers, streams, tanks, canals, etc.

Question 2. 
What do you mean by Chipko movement? Why is the conservation of forests necessary?
Answer: 
Afforestation is vital for the protection, regeneration and development of forests. Chipko movement is a movement launched by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for afforestation where forests have been cut. It creates awareness and encourages active participation of masses in tribal areas. Forests are a valuable resource. The conservation of forests is essential for ecological security. Forests meet the needs of fuel, fodder and timber of the people. They meet the requirements of raw materials for village, small scale and large scale forests based industries. For this the social forestry, farm forestry and production forestry programmes have been introduced to cover an area of 16.55 lakh hectares besides planting 378.5 crore saplings under farm forestry.

Question 3. 
What is need for Conservation of Forest?
Answer: 
Increasing Human and animal population has adverse impact on natural vegetation. Areas which were once covered with forests, have now become semi¬desert. Even Rajasthan had forests. Forests are essential for ecological balance which in turn is essential for human survival and development. For balanced ecology and healthy environment, at least one-third of the land of India must be kept under forest. Unfortunately, we do not have even one-fourth of the total area under forest. The need for a policy for conservation and management of forest resources, therefore, demands no emphasis.

Question 4. 
What are the aims of National Forest Policy?
Answer: 
A new National Forest Policy was adopted in 1988 to stop further decrease in the forest cover. 
(1) The policy aimed at bringing 33 per cent of India’s landmass under forest cover. The world coverage was 27 per cent, and India’s own coverage at that time was only 19 per cent.

(2) The policy further stated that the effort would be made to maintain environmental stability and to restore forests where ecological balance was disturbed. 

(3) The other objective was to conserve the natural heritage of the country, its biological diversity and genetic pool. 

(4) The policy further aimed to check soil erosion, extension of the desert lands and reduction of floods and droughts. 

(5) Other objectives of the pohcy were to increase the forest cover through social forestry and afforestation on denuded and unproductive land, increase in productivity of forests to make timber, fuel, fodder and food available to rural and tribal population dependant on forests, and encourage the substitution of wood 

(6) Lastly, it emphasized the creation of a massive people’s movement involving women to encourage planting of trees, and stop felling of trees.

Question 5. 
What are the aims of social forestry?
Answer: 
Social Forestry
(i) The term social forestry was used for the first time, by the National Commission on Agriculture in 1976, to denote tree raising programmes to supply firewood, small timber and minor forest produce to rural population.

(ii) Ambitious social forestry programmes have been launched by several state governments. The forest departments in most states have set up separate social forestry wings.

(iii) Social forestry programmes have mainly three components-farm forestry, encouraging farmers to plant trees on their own farms, : wood lots planted by the forest departments for the needs of the community especially along road sides, canal banks and other such public lands ; and community woods lots planted by the community themselves on community lands, to be shared equally by them.

(iv) The social forestry projects, however, failed as it did not involve poor women who ought to be main beneficiaries. The project bacame male oriented, turned farmers into cash generating rather than a basic need generating exercise.

(v) The wood produced from social forestry programmes is ending up in urban and industrial India instead of meeting the needs of the poor in rural India, and reducing rural employment. Land under food crops has declined, and absentee landlordism, has increased.

Question 6. 
In their altitudinal range, the Himalayas represent a succession of vegetation regions from the tropical to the Alpine.’ Substantiate this statement. 
Answer: 
Different types of vegetation regions are found in the Himalayas from its southern foot-hills to high altitudes. The natural vegetation ranges from the equatorial to Tundra Type. A series of vegetation regions exist according to the changes of temperatures and rainfall with altitude. A gradual change in vegetation results according to altitude and climate.

(i) Tropical Wet Deciduous Forests. These forests are found along the Southern foothills of Himalayas, upto a height of 1000 metres. Due to high rainfall, dense forests of sal are found.

(ii) Temperate Forests. The dense wet temperate forests occur upto a height of 2000 metres. These include evergreen Oaks, Chestnut and Pine trees which are commercially useful.

(iii) Broad leaved evergreen Forests. These occur between height of 2000 metres and 3000 metres. These include Oak, Laurels and Chestnut trees.

(iv) Coniferous Forests. These occur upto a height of 3500 metres. These include the trees of Pine, Cedars, Silver fir and Spruce. Deodar is commercially important for timber and railway sleepers. At higher altitudes, near the Snow line, Birch, Juniper and Silverfir trees are found.
 
(v) Alpine Pastures. These occur beyond a height of 3500 metres. These include short grasses, these are used for transhumance grazing by Nomadic tribes like the Gujjars.

Question 7. 
Distinguish between reafforestation and afforestation.
Answer: Distinction between Reafforestation and Afforestation:

Reafforestion	Afforestion
1. It is practised in areas where forests have been destroyed.	1. The new areas forests planted in new areas.
2. Two saplings are planted to replace evety felled tree.	2. One sapling is planted to get one tree.
3. Itispractisedtoavoidthe evils of Jhuming.	3. It is practised to bring more area under forest.

Question 8. 
From an administrative point, name three types of forests and the percentage of areas covered by these.
Answer: 

• Reserved forests - 53% area.
• Protected forests - 30% area.
• Unclassified forests - 17% area.

Question 9. 
Account for declining wildlife in India.
Answer: 
Some of the important reasons of the declining wildlife are as follows :
(i) Industrial and technological advancement brought about a rapid increase in the exploitation of forest resources.

(ii) More and more lands were cleared for agriculture, human settlement, roads, mining, reservoirs, etc.

(iii) Pressure on forests mounted due to lopping for fodder and fuelwood and removal of small timber by the local people.

(iv) Grazing by domestic cattle caused an adverse effect on wildlife and its habitat.

(v) Hunting was taken up as a sport by the elite and hundreds of wild animals were killed in a single hunt. Now commercial poaching is rampant. 

(vi) Incidence of forest fire. It is being felt that conservation of wildlife is of great significance to the national as well as the world heritage along with the promotion of ecotourism. What steps have been initiated by the government in this direction?

Question 10. 
Distinguish between Agro-forestry and Farm forestry.
Answer: 
Agro-forestry means to plant trees and crops at the same time on cultivated land and barren land. Agriculture and forestry go together so that fodder, fuel, timber, fruit and crops can be obtained at the same time. Community forestry includes afforestation inpublic places, pastures, temples, along canals and in schools. It connects, landless labourers with forestry. Farm Forestry includes the growing of trees for commercial and non-commercial purposes, buildings of trees are distributed free of cost. Trees are grown on marginal grasslands, pastures, cow sheds, etc.

Question 11. 
Describe the tiger and elephant projects for the conservation of wildlife.
Answer: 
For the purpose of effective conservation of flora and fauna, special steps have been initiated by the Government of India in collaboration with UNESCO’s ‘Man and Biosphere Programme’. Special schemes like Project Tiger (1973) and Project Elephant (1992) have been launched to conserves these species and their habitat in a sustainable manner. Project Tiger has been implemented since 1973. The main objective of the scheme is to ensure maintenance of viable population of tigers in India for scientific, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values, and to preserve areas of biological importance as natural heritage for the benefit, education and enjoyment of the people. 

Initially, the Project Tiger was launched in nine tiger reserves, covering an area of 16,339 sQuestion km. which has now increased to 27 tiger reserves, encompassing 37,761 sQuestion km of tiger habitats distributed in 17 states. The tiger population in the country has registered and increase from 1,827 in 1972 to 3,642 in 2001-2002. Project Elephant was launched in 1992 to asist states having free ranging population of wild elephants. It was aimed at ensuring long-term survival of identified viable population of elephants in their natural habitat. The project is being implemented in 13 states.

Essay Type Questions

Question 1. 
Describe the distribution and economic importance of different types of forests found in India.
Answer: 
Forest Wealth of India. In earlier periods, large parts of India were covered with forests. The growth of population has led to the shrinkage of forest area. The total forest area is 747 lakh hectares which works out to about 22.7% of the total area of the country. The per capita forest area is as low as 0.1 hectare. This forest area is not uniformly distributed. The State of Madhya Pradesh covers the largest forest area in India.

Types of Forests. 
Due to variations in rainfall, temperature and altitude different types of forests are found in India.
1. The Tropical Evergreen Forests. These forests are found in areas where annual rainfall is more than 200 cms. and the mean temperature is more than 24°C. These forests are found in western parts of Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas and Andaman islands. These forests grow rapidly due to high temperatures and high rainfall. These are hard wood trees like equatorial forests. Economic Importance. These forests include the trees like Rubber, Mahagony, Ironwood, Rosewood, Gurjan and Bamboos. These trees are used for furniture, railway sleepers, house building and shipbuilding.

2. The Monsoon or Deciduous Forests. These forests are found in areas where rainfall is between 100 and 200 cms. These trees shed their leaves in hot dry season. So these are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in Terai, Chotta Nagpur plateau, Eastern slopes of Western Ghats and Eastern part of Peninsular India. These are not dense forests.     Economic Importance. These forests include the trees of Sal, Teak, Sandal, Arjan, Mahua, Mango and Semul. Sal is useful for railway sleepers and coaches. Teak is used for furniture and house building. Many industries and handicrafts depend on these trees such as matchboxes, toys, packing cases, tanning leather and paper.

3. The Dry Forests. These forests occur where annual rainfall is less than 100 cms. These are found in Eastern Rajasthan, Southern Haryana, S.W. Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka Plateau. These trees have long roots, thick bark. Economic Importance. These forests include Shisham, Babul, Kikar, Khair and Haldu. These are hard wood trees. These are used for making agricultural implements, furniture, carts and charcoal.

4. The Mangrove Forests. These forests are found in deltas of rivers in coastal areas. These are called Tidal forests or Deltaic forests. These forests are found in Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Deltas of Mahanadi, Godawari, Krishna and Cauvery. These are marshy areas. In West Bengal, these forests are called Sunderbans because Sundari tree is found in this area. Economic Importance. These forests include the trees of sundari, mangrove, gurjan and hintal. These trees are used for boat building, fuel, match boxes and house building.

5. The Mountain Forests. These forests are found on the Southern slopes of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests are found. A gradual change in vegetation occurs according to altitude and climate. In western Himalayas, coniferous forests are found due to low rainfall and low temperatures. But in Eastern Himalayas, evergreen forests are found as there is heavy rainfall and high temperatures.

1. Tropical wet deciduous forests of Sal are found upto a height of 1200 metres.
2. Temperate forests of oak, chestnut and pine trees are found upto a height of 2000 metres.
3. Coniferous forests are found upto a height of 3500 metres. These include Spruce, Deodar, Pine, Birch, Silver fir, etc.

(iv) Alpine Pastures are found beyond 3500 metres where Pastoral tribes like Gujjars graze their sheep on short grasses. Economic Importance. Pine tree is useful for resin and terpentine. Silver fir is used for pulp, paper, match boxes and packing cases; Deodar is used as a timber for house building and railway sleepers.

Question 2. 
Describe the major national parks and Bio-reserves of India.
Answer: 
In 1973, the UNESCO launched a worldwide programme on Man and Biosphere in a number of countries. In addition, 12 biosphere reserves have been created with the geographical area of 4.26 million hac; partly overlapping protected areas. Some of the biosphere reserves Nilgiri in Tamil Nadu, Nokrek in Meghalaya, Namdapha in Arunachal Pradesh, Valley of Flowers and Nandadevi in Uttarakhand, some islands in Andaman and Nicobar islands and Gulf of Mannar on the Tamil Nadu coast. In recent years there has been a significant growth in the protected areas network. In 1990, India ratified the World Heritage Convention of 1977 and identified following four natural sites of ‘outstanding universal value’.

1. Kaziranga National Park :
It is situated in Nagaon and Golaghat districts on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra river at the foot of the Mikir hills. Kaziranga lies in the flood plains of the Brahmaputra river. The riverine habitat consists primarily of tall, dense grasslands interspersed with open forests, inter¬connecting streams and numerous small lakes. Three-quarters or more of the area is submerged annually by the floodwaters of the Brahmaputra. Based on Landsat data for 1986, the area coverage of tall grasses is 41 per cent, short grasses 11 per cent, open jungle 29 per cent, swamps 4 per cent, rivers and water bodies 8 per cent and others 7 per cent. One-horned rhinoceros and elephants are the main inhabitants of this park.

2. Keoladeo National Park:
This national park at Bhartpur in Rajasthan is a freshwater swamp, which is a part of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The area is flooded in the monsoon months (July-September) to an average depth of l-2m. From October to January, the water level gradually falls, and from February the land begins to dry out. By June only some patches of water remains. The environment is partly man-made with dykes dividing the area into 10 units, each with a system of sluice gates control water level.

3. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve:
It is located in the swampy delta of the two great Indian rivers: the Brahmaputra and the Ganga, in West Bengal. It extends over a vast area of mangrove forests, swamps and forested islands, covering over 1,300 sq km. Sunderban is the home of nearly 200 Royal Bengal tigers. Part of the forest lies in Bangladesh and it is estimated that the combined population of tigers in the region could be about 400. Adapting itself to the saline and fresh water environment, the tigers at the park are good swimmers.

4. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve :
This biosphere reserve lies in the catchment area of the Rishi Gangaan eastern tributary of the Dhauli Ganga which flows into the Alaknanda river at Joshimath. The area is a vast glacial basin, divided by a series of parallel, north-south oriented ridges. There are about a dozen peaks above 6,400 m - Dunagiri (7, 066 m), Changbang (6.864 m) and Nanda Devi East (7,434 m). Being an inner Himalayan valley, Nanda Devi basin enjoys generally dry conditions with low annual precipitation, except during the monsoons. Prevailing mist and low cloud during the monsoon keeps the soil moist. The basin remains snow-bound for about six months of the year.

Question 3. 
What is Bisophere reserve? Describe their development in India.
Answer: 
A Biosphere reserve is an ecosystem of terrestial and coastal areas. It aims at conservation in developments of plant and animals. There are 14 Biosphere reserves in India. From Biosphere reserves of Nilgiris, Nanda Devi, Sunderbans and Gulf of Mannar have been recognised by UNESCO.

Table: List of Biosphere Reserves

Years	name	States	Type	key Fauna
1. 2008	Great Rann of Kutch	Gujarat	Desert	Indian Wild Ass
2. 1989	Gulf of Mannar	Taniil Nadu	Coasts	Dugong or Sea Cow
3. 1989	Sundarbans	West Bengal	Gangetic Delta	Royal Bengal Tiger
4. 2009	Cold Desert	Himachal Pradesh	Western Himalayas	Snow Leopard
5. 1988	Nanda Devi	Uttarakhand	Wester Himalayas	NA
6. 1986	Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve	Tamil Nadu. Kerala and Karnataka	Western Ghats	Nilgin Tahr, Lion-tailed macaque
7. 1998	Dihang-Dibang	Arunchal Pradesh	Eastern Himalaya	NA
8. 1999	Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh	Semi-Arid	Giant Squirrel, Flying Squirrel
9. 2010	Seshachalam Hills	Andhra Pradesh	Eastern Ghats	NA
10. 1994	Similipal	Odisha	Deccan Peninsula	Gaur, Royal Bengal Tiger, Wild elephant
11. 2005	Achanakamar Amarkantak	Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh	Maikala Hills	NA
12. 1989	Manas	As sa m	East Himalayas	Golden Langur, Red Panda
13. 2000	Khangchendzonga	Sikkim	East Himalayas	Snow Lepard, Red Panda
14. 2001	Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve	Kerala, Tamil Nadu	Western ghats	Nilgirì Tahr, Elephants
15. 1989	Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve	Andaman and	Islands	Saltwater Crocodile
16. 1988	Nokrek	Nicobar Islands	East Himalayas	Red Pande
17. 1997	Dibru- Saikhowa	Meghalaya	East Himalayas	Golden Langur
18. 2011	Panna	Assam	Ken River	Tiger, Chital, Chinkara, Sambharand Sloth bear

Biosphere Reserves of India in World Network of Biosphere Reserves Nine of the eighteen biosphere reserves of India are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list. They are given in ‘bold’ in the above list. Out of these, two are in Madhya Pradesh; the Pachmarhi Biosphere. Reserve (1999) and the Achanakamar - Achanakamar Biosphere Reserves (2005).

Source Erased Questions

1. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below:
Afforestation is vital for the protection, regeneration and development of forests. Chipko movement was a movement launched by a non¬governmental organisations (NGOs) for afforestation where forests have been cut. It created awareness and encouraged active participation of masses in tribal areas. Forests are a valuable resource. The conservation of forests is essential for ecological security. Forests meet the needs of fuel, fodder and timber of the people. They meet the requirements of raw materials for village, small scale and large scale forests-based industries.

(i) Who launched Chipko movement?
(a) Governmental Agency
(b) Non-Governmental Agency
(c) Governmental Organisation
(d) Non-Governmental Organisation 
Answer: 
(d) Non-Governmental Organisation

(ii) What is important for ecological security?
(a) Afforestation
(b) Forest Conservation
(c) Deforestation
(d) Valuable Timber
Answer: 
(b) Forest Conservation

(iii) Which of the following provides raw material?
(a) Timber 
(b) Forests
(c) Fodder 
(d) Fuel
Answer: 
(b) Forests

2. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below:
For the purpose of effective conservation of flora and fauna, special steps have been initiated by the Government of India in collaboration with UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Programme. Special schemes like Project Tiger (1973) and Project Elephant (1992) have been launched to conserves these species and their habitat in a sustainable manner. Project Tiger has been implemented since 1973. 

The main objective of the scheme is to ensure maintenance of viable population of tigers in India for scientific, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values, and to preserve areas of biological importance as natural heritage for the benefit, education and enjoyment of the people. Initially, the Project Tiger was launched in nine tiger reserves, covering an area of 16,339 sQuestion km. which has now increased to 27 tiger reserves, encompassing 37,761 sQuestion km of tiger habitats distributed in 17 states. The tiger population in the country has registered and increased from 1,827 in 1972 to 3,642 in 2001-02. Project Elephant was launched in 1992 to assist states having free-ranging population of wild elephants.

(i) When was Project Tiger launched?
(a) 1970
(b) 1971
(c) 1972 
(d) 1973
Answer: 
(d) 1973

(ii) When was Project Elephant launched?
(a) 1990 
(b) 1991
(c) 1992 
(d) 1993
Answer: 
(c) 1992
 
(iii) In how many tiger reserves was the Project Tiger was launched?
(a) 9
(b) 8
(c) 7 
(d) 6
Answer: 
(a) 9

(iv) With who did the Government of India collaborate to put steps for the purpose of effective conservation of flora and fauna?
(a) UNICEF 
(b) UNESCO
(c) WHO 
(d) IMF
Answer: 
(b) UNESCO 
   
HOTS QUESTIONS 

Question 1. 
What is virgin vegetation? Distinguish between endemic and exotic vegetation.
Answer: 
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which grows naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as a virgin vegetation. Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not natural vegetation. The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are known as endemic or indigenous species but those which have come from outside India are termed as exotic plants (species). The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period. Similarly, the species of animals are referred to as fauna.

Question 2. 
What factors control the diversity and growth of fauna and flora?
Answer: 
The growth, types and diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors :

1. Temperature
2. Sunlight
3. Precipitation
4. Soil
5. Relief.

1. Temperature. The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula above the height of 915 metres, the fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperature and alpine.

2. Sunlight. The variation in sun’s radiant energy at different places is due to difference in lattitude, season and duration of the day. Due to long duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

3. Precipitation. Almost the entire rainfall occurs by the advancing South-West monsoon (June to Sept.) and retreating north east monsooons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas.

4. Soil. Changes in soil conditions have given rise to peculiar types of vegetation in many areas such as mangrove forests, swamps and sandy coastal forests.

5. Relief. It is another important factor affecting vegetation. Plains, plateaus and mountains have different types of vegetation. 

SELF EVALUATION TEST 

1. State the area under forests in India. 
2. Name two important trees found in tropical evergreen forests. 
3. What is the use of Chinar tree? 
4. Where is the forest research institute located? 
5. What is chipko movement? 
6. What is social forestry? 
7. What is Re-afforestation? 
8. What are aims of National forest policies? 
9. Name the different types of forests found in India.  
10. Describe the forest wealth of India.