RBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 9 Biomolecules

These comprehensive RBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 9 Biomolecules will give a brief overview of all the concepts.

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Notes Biomolecules

→ All carbon compounds or molecules present in the living tissues are called biomolecules, 

→ Primary metabolites are biochemicals formed as intermediate and products of normal vital metabolic pathways of organisms.

→ Secondary metabolites are specialised products formed by alternation of normal or primary metabolic pathways".

→ Carbohydrates (hydrates of carbon) are also named as saccharides as they are formed of sugars, 

→ Pentose, hexose and heptose sugars exist in two forms open chain and ring form (pyranose and furanose forms).

→ Glycosidic bonds occurs between adjacent monomers of carbohydrate polymer.

→ Maltose sugar is formed of two molecules of glucose held together by glycosidic bond.

 

→ Lactose (milk, sugar) present in milk upto the extent of 5%.

→ Homopolysaccharides are made up of only one type of monosaccharide units.

→ Heteropolysaccharides are made up of more than one type of monosaccharide units.

→ Inulin is present in roots of Dahlia and called dahlia starch.

→ The fatty acids which cannot be synthesized in the body of animals are called essential fatty acids. Candle wax is a mixture of paraffin wax and stearic acid.

→ Lycopene is a simple carotene of red colour that occurs in the ripened fruits of tomato and chilly.

→ Due to the presence of two opposite electric charges on ionisable amino group (-NH₂) and ionisable carboxylic group (-COOH), the amino acids can react with both acid and bases and are called amphoteric.

→ Protein is the polymer of amino acids.

→ Only 20 types of amino acids can form several thousand types of proteins by polymerisation.

→ Secondary structure of protein occurs as a-helix and α-pleated sheets.

→ Tertiary structure of protein is stabilised by five types of bonds:

• Disulphide bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• Ionic bond,
• Hydrophobic interactions,
• vander Waalls interactions.

→ Proteins are three types on the basis of their shape: Fibrous proteins, Globular proteins and Intermediate proteins.

→ Purine base is bicyclic or with double ring while Pyrimidine base is monocyclic or with single ring.

→ Nucleoside is made up of sugar and nitrogen base while nucleotide is made up of sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group.

→ Enzymology is the branch of science which deals with the study of enzymes in all their aspects like structure, nomenclature, reactions and functions.

→ Lock and Key hypothesis of enzyme action was given by Emil Fischer.

→ Induced fit hypothesis to explain the enzyme action was proposed by Daniel Koshland.

→ Pepsinogen is called proenzyme (inactive enzyme precursors).

→ The enzymes lower the requirement of activation energy to speed up a chemical reaction.

→ Inorganic catalysts can catalyze diverse reactions (not specific) while enzyme are highly specific for a particular reaction. 

→ Enzymes inhibitors are the substances that can inhibit the enzyme action.

→ Blomolecules: All carbon compounds or molecules present in the living tissues are called biomolecules.

→ Primary Metabolites: These are biochemicals formed as intermediates and products of normal vital pathways of organisms.

→ Secondary Metabolites: These are specialised products formed by alternation of normal or primary metabolic pathways.

→ Peptide bonds: Occurs between the joining of two amino acids. These are also called amide bond.

→ Glycosidic bond: Occurs between the linking of two monosaccharide units. Glycosidic bonds having -COC- are also called ether bond.

→ Monosaccharides: These are simple sugars, have 3-7 carbon atoms per molecule.

→ Oligosaccharides: These are formed by joining of 2-6 monosaccharide molecules.

→ Maltose: It is a disaccharide formed of two molecules of glucose held together by glycosidic bond.

→ Lactose: It is a disaccharide sugar present in milk upto the extent of 5%.

→ Reducing Sugars: The sugars which have a free aldehyde or ketonic group e.g., glucose, fructose, maltose.

→ Ribulose: Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) is acceptor molecule of CO₂ in Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

→ Polysaccharides: They are also called glycans, made up of many monosaccharide units.

→ Homopolysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates made up of only one type of monosaccharide units.

→ Heteropolysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates that are made up of more than one type of monosaccharide units. .

→ Mucopolysaccharides: These are slime and mucilage producing polysaccharides, e.g., hyaluronic acid, pectins etc.

→ Glycogen: It is a glucosan homopolysaccharide also called as animal starch.

→ Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen from glucose.

→ Glycogenolysis: Formation of glucose from glycogen.

→ Starch: Helically coiled, branched chain polysaccharide.

→ Cellulose: It is straight, unbranched chain polysaccharide.

→ Chitin: A homopolysaccharide present in fungal cell wall as fungus cellulose and in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
 
→ Pectin: It is made up of galactose, galacturonic acid and arabinose, occurs in cell wall in the form of calcium pectate.

→ Heparin: A mucopolysaccharide, anticoagulant of blood and connective tissue.

→ Saturated fatty acids: They do not have any double bond in their carbon chains.

→ Unsaturated fatty acids: They have one or more double bonds in their carbon chain.

→ Saponification: It is a process that involves conversion of fat or oil into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali.

→ Cholesterol: It is a fat soluble white crystalline sterol.

→ Lycopene: It is a simple carotene of red colour occur in the ripened fruits of tomato and chilly.

→ Diosgenin: A steroid obtained from Yam (Digscorrea) has property to prevent sperm formation in males.

→ Aromatic amino acids: A cyclic or ring structure is found in hydrocarbon side chain i.e., tyrosine, phenylalanine.

→ Essential amino acids: The amino acids which can not be synthesized in animals.

→ Non protein amino acids: The amino acids which are not incorporated in proteins but occur freely or in combined state in non protein substances.

→ Gluconeogenesis: Formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources.

→ Monomeric Protein: The protein which is made of single polypeptide.

→ Multimeric Protein: The protein which is made of more than one polypeptide.

→ Fibrous Proteins: They are thread like elongated proteins.

→ Complete Proteins: The proteins having all the essential amino acids are called complete proteins.

→ Incomplete Proteins: The protein that do not have one or more essential amino acids are called incomplete proteins.

→ Purines: These are large sized, heterocyclic, double ring nitrogenous bases.

→ Pyrimidines: These are small sized, heterocyclic single ring nitrogenous bases.

→ Nucleosides: It is made of condensation of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

→ Nucleotide: It is the product formed by joining of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

→ Higher Nucleotides: The nucleotides that have more than one phosphate groups, e.g., G.D.P., A.D.P., A.T.P. etc.

→ Metabolism: Sum total of chemical reactions occur in a living system are collectively called metabolism.

→ Enzymology: The branch of science which deals with the study of enzyme in all their aspects like structure, nomenclature and function.

→ Constitutive Enzymes: The enzymes which are always present in the cell and involved in central metabolic activity.

→ Co-factors: A non protein part of conjugate enzyme.

→ Apoenzyme: The protein part of a conjugate enzyme.

→ Holoenzyme: The conjugate enzyme formed by apoenzyme and co-factor.

→ Prosthetic group: They are non protein organic co-factors tightly held with apoenzyme.

→ Co-enzymes: They are non protein organic co-factors loosely attached with apoenzyme.

→ Isoenzymes: They are multiple forms of the same enzyme which have same substrate specificity but differ from one another in their substrate affinity, activity maxima and regulatory control.

→ Proenzymes or Zymogens: They are inactive enzymes that are converted in active form by specific factors like pH, substrate, enzyme primer etc.