RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

Objective Type Questions 

Question 1. 
In which of the following countries did the print technology first develop ? 
(a) India
(b) China 
(c) Germany 
(d) Italy 
Answer:
(b) China

Question 2. 
The oldest Japanese book ‘Diamond Sutra' was printed-
(a) 1018 AD 
(b) 908 AD 
(c) 968 AD
(d) 868 AD 
Answer:
(d) 868 AD 

Question 3. 
Who had brought the woodblock print from China to Italy-
(a) Martin Luther 
(b) Columbus 
(c) Marco Polo 
(d) Vascodi gama
Answer:
(c) Marco Polo

Question 4. 
Who had invented the modern printing press ? 
(a) Johann Gutenberg 
(b) Marco Polo 
(c) Erasmus
(d) Didro 
Answer:
(a) Johann Gutenberg

Question 5. 
Who wrote Ninety Five Thesis, criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church ? 
(a) Voltaire
(b) Calvin 
(c) Martin Luther 
(d) Erasmus 
Answer:
(c) Martin Luther

Question 6. 
Which first book was printed by Gutenberg in 1448 AD ? 
(a) Bible
(b) Quran 
(c) Diamond Sutra
(d) Tripitaka Koreana 
Answer:
(a) Bible

Question 7. 
Who published 'Sambad Kaumudi' from 1821 ? 
(a) Vivekananda 
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy 
(c) Jyotiba Phule
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji 
Answer:
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy 

Question 8. 
When were the two Persian newspapers Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar published ? 
(a) 1780
(b) 1801 
(c) 1846
(d) 1822 
Answer:
(d) 1822

Question 9. 
Where was the first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas published ? 
(a) Banaras 
(b) Allahabad 
(c) Haridwar 
(d) Calcutta 
Answer:
(d) Calcutta 

Question 10. 
Who is the autor of the book Gulamgiri ? 
(a) B. R. Ambedkar 
(b) Mahatma Gandhi 
(c) Jyotiba Phule 
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer:
(c) Jyotiba Phule

Fill in the Blanks 

1. A parchment made from skin of animals is known as.................. 
2. The religious reformer .................. wrote Ninety Five Thesis criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. The Roman Church began to maintain an Index of prohibited books from ..............
4. The printing press first came to .............. with Portuguese missionaries. 
5. ................. was the first full length autobiography published in the Bengali language.
Answer:
1. Vellum
2. Martin Luther
3. 1558
4. Goa
5. Amar Jiban. 

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. 
What is meant by calligraphy ?
Answer:
Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and stylised writing.

Question 2. 
Who was the great explorer of Italy who had brought the technology of woodblock print from China to Italy and when ?
Answer:

• Marco Polo
• 1295 AD.

Question 3. 
Where was the earliest kind of print technology developed ?
Answer:
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.

Question 4. 
Who had invented the first modern printing press and when ?
Answer:

• Johann Gutenberg
• 1448.

Question 5. 
Who wrote Ninety Five Thesis and when ?
Answer:
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Thesis.

Question 6. 
Whose writings led to the beginning of Protestant Reformation ?
Answer:
Martin Luther's writings.

Question 7. 
“Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one." Who said these words ?
Answer:
Martin Luther.

Question 8. 
Mention the names of two thinkers and writers whose writings created suitable circumstance for the French Revolution of 1789.
Answer:

1. Voltaire
2. Rousseau.

Question 9. 
Where was the printing press set up in India and when ?
Answer:

• Goa
• Mid-sixteenth century.

Question 10. 
“The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away”. Who declared there words?
Answer:
Louise-Sebastian Mercier, a French novelist.

Question 11. 
Who began to edit the Bengal Gazette and when ?
Answer:

• James Augustus Hickey
• In 1780.

Question 12. 
Which was the first Indian newspaper ? Who published it ?
Answer:

• The first Indian newspaper was 'Bangal Gazette'.
• Gangadhar Bhattacharya published it.

Question 13. 
Which was the oldest Japanese book ? When was this book printed ?
Answer:
The oldest Japanese book was 'Diamond Sutra'. It was published in AD 868.

Question 14. 
Who was Kitagawa Utamaro ?
Answer:
Kitagawa Utamaro was a famous artist. He contributed to the art form called Ukiyo.

Question 15. 
Who was Macro Polo ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was a great explorer of Italy. He had brought the technology of wood block printing from China to Italy.

Question 16. 
Who was Martin Luther ?
Answer:
Martin Luther was a great religious reformer of Germany. He was a great opponent of Roman Catholic Church.

Question 17. 
What is meant by protestant reformation ?
Answer:
It was a sixteenth century movement to reform the Catholic Church dominated by Rome.

Question 18. 
What do you mean by Inquisition ?
Answer:
It was a former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics.

Question 19. 
Who had been to major producer of printed material for a very long time ?
Answer:
The Imperial State of China.

Question 20. 
What do you mean by ‘Bilis the que Bleue ?
Answer:
In France Bilis the que Bleue were called as low, priced small books printed on poor quality paper.

Question 21. 
Who printed the first Tamil book and where ?
Answer:
Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin.

Question 22. 
In India, when was the first Malayalam book printed and by whom ?
Answer:
Catholic priests printed the first Malvalam book in 1713.

Question 23. 
Who published the Sambad Kaumudi and when ?
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821.

Question 24. 
Name two newspapers which were published in Persian language. When were these published ?
Answer:
Jam-i-Jaban Nama, (2) Shamsul Akbbar. These were published in 1822.

Question 25. 
Who were Ulama ?
Answer:
Ulama were legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia body of Islamic law.

Question 26. 
What is meant by Fatwa ?
Answer:
Fatwa is a legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a Mufti (legal scholar) to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.

Question 27. 
Who was the writer of Ramcharitmanas ?
Answer:
Tulsidas.

Question 28. 
What do you mean by caricatures and cartoons ?
Answer:
Caricatures and cartoons were published in newspapers and journals, commenting on social and political issues.

Question 29. 
Which was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language ? Who was the author of this autobiography ?
Answer:
(1) Amar Jiban
(2) Rashsundari Debi.

Question 30. 
Name two women of Maharashtra who wrote about the miserable lives of uppercaste. Hindu women, especially widows.
Answer:

• Tarabai Shinde 
• Pandita Ramabai.

Question 31. 
Who was the Maratha pioneer of 'low caste' protest movements ?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule.

Question 32. 
Who was the writer of “Gulamgiri'? When was it written ?
Answer:

• Jyotiba Phule
• 1871. 

Question 33. 
Who is called as Periyar ?
Answer:
Famous writer of Madras E.V. Ramaswami Naicker is better known as Periyar.

Question 34. 
Name two famous writers of twentieth century who wrote about the caste system.
Answer:

• Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
• E.V. Ramaswami Naicker.

Question 35. 
What do you know about Vernacular Press Act ? When was it passed ?
Answer:
Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. It gave the government to censor, reports and editorials in the Vernacular press.

Question 36. 
Which newspaper was published by Bal Gangadhar Tilak ?
Answer:
“Kesari”.

Question 37. 
What do you know about Platen ?
Answer:
In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of steel.

Question 38. 
What is a compositor ?
Answer:
The person who composes the text for printing is called a compositor.

Question 39. 
What is Inquisition ?
Answer:
A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics is known as inquisition. It is also called the Dharm-Adalat.

Question 40. 
What were cheap books called in England ?
Answer:
In England, cheap books were called penny chapbooks or acacia.

Question 41. 
What do you understand by despotism?
Answer:
A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks is known as despotism.

Question 42. 
Name the author of the song Gita Govinda.
Answer:
Jayadeva. 

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-I)

Question 1. 
“The imperial state in China was the major producer of printed material.” Explain.
Answer:
China had a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of Imperial State. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.

Question 2. 
Who was Marco Polo ? Which technology of print he had brought from China ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was a great explorer of - Italy. After many years of exploration in China he returned to Italy in 1295. He brought the knowledge of wood block printing from China with him. Now Italians began producing books with wood block and soon the technology spread in other parts of Europe.

Question 3. 
What were the deficiencies of the production of hand written manuscripts ?
Answer:

• Copying of hand written manuscripts was an expensive, labourious and time consuming business.
• Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be read carried around and read easily.
• Their circulation remained limited.

Question 4. 
Write a short note on Kitagawa Utamaro.
Answer:
Kitagawa Utamaro was born in Edo in 1753. He was a great painter of Japan. He was widely known for his contributions to an art form called “ukiyo" (Pictures of the floating world) or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones. These prints travelled to contemporary US and Europe and influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.

Question 5. 
Describe the progress of printing presses in Europe between 1450 and 1550.
Answer:
During the period of 1450-1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe. As the numbers of printing presses grew, book production boomed. The second half of the fifteenth century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding the markets in Europe. The number went up in the sixteenth century to about 200 million copies.

Question 6. 
What do you mean by print revolution ?
Answer:
With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each book came down and a large number of books could be produced easily. Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership.

Question 7. 
What was the significance of Print revolution ?
Answer:
Print revolution was not just a development, a new way of producing books. It transformed the lives of people, changing their relationship to information and knowledge and with institutions and authorities. It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things

Question 8. 
What were the fears of people about the printed books ?
Answer:

• It was feared that the printed books could have effect on the minds of people.
• It was feared that these books might spread rebellious and irreligious thoughts among the people.
• If that happened, the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed.

Question 9. 
Who invented the power-driven cylindrical press ? Describe its advantages.
Answer:
Richard M. Hoe of Newyork had invented the power-driven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspaper.

Question 10.
Describe the reforms in the technology of printing press in the nineteenth century in Europe.
Answer:

• By the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal. 
• In the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of Newyork invented the power-driven cylindrical press. 
• In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print upto six colours at a time.

Question 11. 
Mention new literary forms of publication.
Answer:

• Novel was a popular literary form of publication. 
• Lyrics, short stories, essays dealt with social and political matters. 
• Visual images were reproduced in many publications. 
• Caricatures and Cartoons were also published in journals and newspaper.

Question 12. 
What do you know about Lakshminath Bezbaruah ?
Answer:
Lakhminath Bezbaruah was a doyen of modern Assamese literature. Burhi Aair Sadhu (Grandma's Tales) is among his notable works. He penned the popular song of Assam, “O Mor Apunar Desh' (O’ my beloved land). He was born in 1868 and died in 1938. 

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-II)

Question 1. 
Describe the development of print in Japan.
Answer:

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770. 
• The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist 'Diamond Sutra' containing six sheets of text and wood cut illustrations. 
• Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money. 
• In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant. 
• In the late eighteenth century, at Edo, illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban culture involving artists, courte sans and tea house gatherings.

Question 2. 
“By the seventeenth century with blooming of urban culture in China, the uses of print diversified.” Explain.
Answer:
By the seventeenth century, with blooming of urban culture in China, the uses of print diversified, the details of which are given below-

• Along with the scholar-officials, now merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. 
• Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. 
• The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary master-pieces and romantic plays. 
• Rich women began to read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholarofficials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives. 
• Western printing techniques and mechanical processes were imported in the late nineteenth century. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the western style schools.

Question 3. 
Why was the production of hand written manuscripts organised in Europe ? What were the defects of manuscripts ?
Answer:
The production of hand written manuscripts was organised in Europe to meet the expanded demand, scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers also Defects- 

• Copying of manuscripts was expensive, labourious and time-consuming business.
• Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily.
• Their circulation was limited.

Question 4. 
Who was Johann Gutenberg ? What was his contribution in the development of modern printing press ?
Answer:
Johann Gutenberg was the son of a merchant of Germany. He developed the first known printing press in 1448.

• From his childhood, he had seen wine and olive presses. So he learnt the art of polishing stones became a master gold smith and also got the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
• Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his printing press.
• The olive, press provided the model for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he invented the modern printing press.
• The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.

Question 5. 
“With the invention of the printing press, a new reading public emerged.” Explain.
Answer:

• Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour rquired to produce each book came down and multiple copies could be produced with great ease.
• Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership.
• Access to books created a new culture of reading. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier these was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
• Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures.

Question 6. 
Describe the innovations made in the printing technology in Europe in the nineteenth century.
Answer:

• By the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal.
• In the nineteenth century, many innovations happened in printing technology. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of Neuvork invented the power-driven cylindrical press. This could print 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
• In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.
• From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
• A series of other developments followed. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plate became better, automatic paper reels and photo electric controls of the colour registers were introduced.

Question 7. 
Write a short note on 'manuscripts before the age of print in India'.
Answer:
Manuscripts before the Age of Print in India:

• India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic. Persian and in many vernacular languages.
• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on hand made paper. Papers were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
• They would be either pressed between wooden. Covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
• Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print, down to the late nineteenth century.
• Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
• They had to be handled carefully and they could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles so manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.

Question 8. 
Discuss the impact of print culture on Indian women in the nineteenth century. 
Answer:
Impact of Print Culture on Indian Women in the Nineteenth Century- 

• Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly clear and intense ways.
• Women's reading therefore increased enormously in middle-class homes.
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women folk at home and sent them to schools when women's schools were set up in the cities and towns after the midnineteenth century.
• Many journals began carrying writing by women and explained why women should be educated.
• Kailash Bashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were imprisoned at home kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of upper class Hindu women, especially widows.
• In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women became very popular. They discussed issues like women's education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement

Question 9. 
What was the role of nationalist newspapers in the spread of feelings of nationalism in Indian ?
Answer:
Role of Nationalist Newspapers in the Spread of Feelings of Nationalism in Indian-

• Despite the repressive policy of the British government, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.
• They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
• The newspapers tried to throttle nationalist criticism provoked protest.
• When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his "Kesari”. This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

Question 10. 
How did print introduce a new world of debate and discussion in Europe ?
Or
What was the role of print in encouraging the Protestant Reformation in Europe in the sixteenth century.
Answer:
In 1517 the religious reformer of Germany Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Thesis criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Martin Luther's writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This lead to a division in the Catholic Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. 

Luthers translation of the New Testament sold 5000 copies within a few weeks. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one." According to some historians, print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation. 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. 
How did the Print culture influence the women in the end of the 19th century ? 
Answer:
Influence of Print Culture on the Women in the End of the 19th Century The influence of print culture on the women was following-

• Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly clear and intense ways.
• Women's reading, therefore, increased enormously in middle class homes.
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home and sent them to schools when women's schools were set up in the cities and towns after the midnineteenth century.
• Many journals began carrying writings by women and explained why women should be
• Many woman writers wrote books and threw light on their conditions. Kailash Bashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour.
• Tara Rai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of upper class Hindu women, especially widows.
• In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women, became very popular. They discussed issues like women's education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement.

Question 2. 
“The print culture laid the foundation for the French Revolution of 1789.” Write any three points in support of this statement.
Or 
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occured. Do you agree with them ? 
Answer:
Laying the Foundation for the French Revolution of 1789 by the Print Culture:
Some historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occured. In this connection, the following arguments are put forward-
(1) Spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers- Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and application of reason and rationality.

They attacked the sacred the authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely. Those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.

(2) Creation of a new culture of dialogue and debate-Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

(3) Publication of literature mocking the royalty and criticising their morality-By the 1780s, there was an out pouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social orders. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered many hardships. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.

Question 3. 
What do you mean by print revolution ? Explain its impact.
Answer:
Meaning of Print Revolution:
With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each book came down and a large number of books could be produced easily. Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever growing readership.

Impact of Print Revolution:
The impact of print revolution can be described under the following points
(1) Creating a new culture of reading- Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated knowledge was transferred orally. Before the age of print, books were very expensive and could not be produced in large numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being

(2) Publishing of popular ballads and folk tales- Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales and such books would be profoundly illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

(3) Wide circulation of ideas- Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and discussion. Even those who disagreed to with established authorities, could now print and circulate their ideas. Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently and move them to action. This had importance in different fields of life. Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Thesis criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. These writings led to division within church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

(4) Stimulation of interpretations of faith- Print and popular religious literature stimulated interpretations of faith even among little educated working people. Some people reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated new ideas about God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 4. 
Describe the development of print in India.
Answer:
Development of Print in India:

• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century.
• Jesuit prints learnt Konkani and printed many tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages.
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin and in 1713 the first Malyalam book was printed by them. By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32. Tamil Texts.
• From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine. It was private English enterprise that began English printing in India. Many Indians also began to publish Indian newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly ‘Bengal Gazette', brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.

Question 5. 
“As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania.” Explain. 
Answer:
Reading mania in European people:
(1) Spread of literacy and schools- In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in many European countries. Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages carrying literacy to peasant and artisans. By the end of the eighteenth century in some European countries, literacy. rates increased sixty to eighty percent. As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. People wanted books to read and printers produced books in ever-increasing numbers.

(2) Printing of new form of literature- New forms of popular literature appeared in print targetting new readers. Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. These were almanacs or ritual calendars along with ballads and folktales.

(3) Printing of entertainment based books- After some time, printing of entertainment based literature also started in Europe. These books meant for entertainment began to reach ordinary readers. These books were very cheap and the poor people could afford to buy them and read them. In England penny chap books were sold for a penny and even the poor could buy them. In France 'Biliotheque Bleue' which were low-priced small books, were , printed in large numbers.

(4) Printing of romantic and historical books- The books of romances were also printed on four to six pages. There were more substantial ‘histories which were stories about the past.

(5) Printing of journals- The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century, combining information about current affairs with entertainment. The newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade and news of developments in other places.

(6) Printing of the ideas of scientists and philosophers- The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific books were compiled and published, maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were also widely printed and read.

Question 6. 
“The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers.” Explain. 
Answer:
New readers among Children, Women and Workers-
(1) Rise of new readers among the children- As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers. Production of school text books became important for the publishers. A children's press devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. This press published new and old fairy tales and folktales. The Grimm Brothers in Germans compiled traditional folktales gathered from peasants.

(2) Rise of new readers among women- Women became important readers and writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping. Women were considered important readers of Novels. Some of the best novelists were women. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new type of women a person with will, strength of personality determination and the power to think.

(3) Rise of new readers among workers- Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth century onwards. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instrument for educating white collar workers, artisans and lower-middle class people. Sometimes self educated working class people wrote for themselves.

Question 7. 
What repressive measures were taken by the British government to curb the freedom of Indian press in the nineteenth century ? 
Answer:
Repressive Measures taken by the British Government to Curb the Freedom of Indian Press:
The British Government took the following repressive measures to curb the freedom of the Indian Press-
(1) Restrictions on the freedom of Indian Press- When the Indian press began to criticise the repressive policy of the British government, it became furious and made many laws to control press freedom. By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule. In 1835, faced with urgent petition by editors of English and Vernaculars newspapers Governor General Bentinck agreed to revise Press Laws.

(2) Vernacular Press Act- After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. As vernacular newspapers supported nationalist activities, the British government decided to take strict measures to control the freedom of the Indian Press.

In 1878, the Vernacular Act was passed. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular press. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

(3) Curbing of the freedom of nationalist newspapers- Despite repressive measures adopted by the colonial government, the nationalist newspaper reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalists activities. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his 'Kesari’. This led to Tilak 's imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn wide spread protests all over India.