RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Objective Type Questions:

Very Short Extra Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Question 1. 
When was Rowlatt Act passed:
(a) 1917 
(b) 1919
(c) 1920 
(d) 1918
Answer:
(b) 1919

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Question Question 2.
Who opened fire on the crowd gathered in the ground of Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919?
(a) Lawrance 
(b) Neil
(c) Havelock 
(d) General Dyer
Answer:
(d) General Dyer

 

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Short Questions And Answers Question 3. 
When did the Non cooperation Khilafat movement begin?
(a) Jan 1920 
(b) Jan 1921
(c) Jan 1912 
(d) Jan 1923
Answer:
(b) Jan 1921

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions And Answers Question 4. 
When did Simon Commission arrive in India?
(a) 1930 
(b) 1929
(c) 1928 
(d) 1932
Answer:
 (c) 1928 
 
Class 10 History Chapter 2 Very Short Questions And Answers Question 5. 
When was Gandhi Irwin pact finalised?
(a) 5th January, 1930
(b) 5th March, 1931
(c) 15th January, 1931
(d) 5th March, 1930
Answer:
(b) 5th March, 1931

Nationalism In India Class 10 Extra Questions Question 6. 
Where did Mahatma Gandhi’s Salt March begin?
(a) Sabarmati 
(b) Dandi
(c) Lucknow 
(d) Champaran
Answer:
(a) Sabarmati 

Class 10 History Ch 2 Extra Questions Question 7. 
Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer:
(c) Mahatma Gandhi

Class 10 History Extra Questions Chapter 2 Question 8. 
Who led the Bardoli Satyagraha?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Answer:
(b) Vallabhbhai Patel

Class 10th History Chapter 2 Short Question Answer Question 9. 
In which session of Congrees, the demand for ‘Puma Swaraj’ was formally accepted? 
(a) Calcutta Session 
(b) Allahabad Session 
(c) Nagpur Session 
(d) Lahore Session
Answer:
(d) Lahore Session

Extra Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Question 10. 
Which devoted companion of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930 ?
(a) Abdul Ghaflfar Khan
(b) Subhas Chandra Bose
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Maulana Azad
Answer:
(a) Abdul Ghaflfar Khan

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1. 
On 13 April, 1919 ............ the incident took place.
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh.

Question 2. 
In 1930 ............. has organised the Depresed Classes Association.
Answer:
Ambedkar.

Question 3. 
‘Vande Mataram’ song was written by ..............
Answer:
Bankirn Chandra Chattopadhyay.

Question 4. 
In Madras, .................. published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, the Folklore of southern India.
Answer:
Natesa Sastri.

Question 5. 
Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Targore painted his famous image of ................
Answer:
Bharat Mata.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Ch 2 History Class 10 Extra Questions Question 1. 
Who was the President of Lahore session of the congress in 1929?
Answer: 
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Important Questions And Answers Question 2. 
Who was the founder of the Swaraj Party' ?
Answer: 
C. R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru.

History Class 10 Chapter 2 Short Question Answer Question 3. 
When was the Depressed Class Association formed ?
Answer: 
The Depressed Class Association was formed in 1930.

Important Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Question 4. 
When and where Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place ?
Answer: 
Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April 1919 in the Jallianwala Bagh of Amritsar. ’

Nationalism In India Class 10 Important Questions Question 5. 
When was Gandhi - Irwin Pact signed and by whom ?
Answer: 
Gandhi Irwin pact was signed on 5th March, 1931. This pact was finalised between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin.

History Chapter 2 Class 10 Important Questions Question 6. 
What were the three earlier Satyagraha movement launched by Gandhiji?
Answer: 
Gandhiji launched Champaran satyagraha in 1916, Khera Satyagraha in 1917 and Ahmedabad satyagraha in 1918.

Important Questions For Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Question 7. 
Who was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer: 
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Important Question Answer Question 8.
Who wrote Vande Matram and when ?
Answer: 
Bankirn Chandra Chattopadhayay wrote Vande Matram in the 1870s.

History Ch 2 Class 10 Extra Questions Question 9.
Who wrote Hind Swaraj and when?
Answer: 
Mahatma Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj in 1909.



Question 10.
When did Mahatma Gandhi start Non cooperation Khilafat movement?
Answer: 
January, 1921.

Question 11.
Under whose leadership was the guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh was started?
Answer: 
Alluri Sitaram Raju.

Question 12.
Which session of congress formalised the demand of ‘Puma Swaraj’. 
Answer: 
The Lahore congress formalized the demand of ‘Puma Swaraj’.

Question 13.
When was the Lahore congress session organised and under whose presidency was it organised?
Answer: 
Lahore congress session was organised in December 1929, under the presidency of Jawahar Lai Nehru.

Question 14.
When was Gandhi - Irwin Pact signe ?
Answer: 
Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed on 5th March, 1931.

Question 15.
Who were the revolutionaries that threw the bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and when?
Answer: 
In 1929, Sardar Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw the bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly.

Question 16.
What was Rowlatt Act ?
Answer: 
Rowlatt Act of 1919 allowed detention of political prisioners without trial for two years. 

Question 17.
When did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place ? Who was responsible for this massacre?
Answer: 

• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April, 1919.
• General Dyer was responsible for the massacre.

Question 18.
What do you meap by Khilafat movement?
Answer: 
Khilafat movement was started in India defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers.



Question 19.
Mention two leaders of the Khilafat movement?
Answer: 

• Muhammad Ali
• Shaukat Ali

Question  20.
Why did Gandhiji lay stress on Non - cooperation movement?
Answer: 
Gandhiji thought that if Indian refused to cooperate British rule in India with collapse within a year.

Question  21.
Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue with the Non - cooperation movement?
Answer: 
Gandhiji took up the Khilafat issue with the Non - cooperation movement to together cooperation of the Muslims.

Question 22.
Why was the Khilafat committee formed in Bombay and when?
Answer: 
The Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March, 1919 to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers.

Question 23.
What do you mean by ‘Boycott’?
Answer: 
The refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities, or buy and use things usually form of protests called 'Boycott’.

Question 24.
Mention the two main things of the programme of the Non-cooperation movement ?
Answer: 

• Surrender of titles awarded by the government
• Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, schools and foreign goods.

Question  25.
What was Inland Emigration Act of 1859 ?
Answer: 
Under Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea garden without permission.



Question  26.
Why did Gandhiji start the Non - cooperation movement against Rowlatt Act ?
Answer: 
Gandhiji thought the Rowlatt Act as unjust and oppressive law. So he decided to start Non cooperation Movement.

Question  27.
Mention the main social groups who participated in the non - cooperation movement.
Answer: 
The main social groups participating in the Non-cooperation movement were:

• Middle classes
• Merchants and traders
• Peasant and tribals
• Plantation workers
• Women.

Question  28.
Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non - cooperation movement and when ?
Answer: 
Gandhiji withdrew the Non - cooperation movement in Feb 1922 due to the Violent incident Occurred in Chauri - Chaura.

Question  29.
Why did the tribals of Gudem Hills of Andra Pradesh start a guerrilla movement in 1920?
Answer: 
Because the government had prevented tribal people from entering the forests to graze their cattle and to collect fuel wood and fruits.

Question  30.
Who formed the Swaraj party and when.? Why was it formed?
Answer: 
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to argue for a return to council politics. 

Question  31.
When was the Simon Commission set up and why ?
Answer: 
The Simon Commission was set up in 1927 to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Question 32.
Why did the congress and the Muslim League decide to Boycott the Simon Commission ?
Answer: 
The Simon Commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. So the Congress and the Muslim League decided to Boycott it.

Question 33.
What was the Salt March?
Answer: 
On March 12, 1930 Gandhiji’s march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to break the salt law is called the salt march.

Question 34.
Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience ?
Answer: 
On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji broke the salt law by manufacturing salt at Dandi. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience.

Question 35.
Mention the two conditions of the Gandhi - Irwin Pact.
Answer: 

• Gandhiji consented to participate in the second round table conference.
• The government agreed to release the political prisioners.

Question 36.
Who formed the Depressed Classes Association and when ?
Answer: 
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar formed the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.

Question 37.
When and among whom was the Poona Pact finalised ?
Answer: 
Poona Pact was finalised in September 1932 between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar.

Question 38.
Mention the two conditions of the Poona Pact.
Answer: 

• It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative council.
• Voting would be in by the general electorate. 

Question 39.
What is meant by ‘Picketing’?
Answer: 
Picketing is a form of demonstration or protest by which people boycott the entrance to a shop, factory or office.

Question 40.
What were ‘untouchable’ called by Gandhi?
Answer: 
Gandhiji called untouchable ‘Harijan’ (Children of God).

Question 41.
Why did the Dalits want political empowerment ?
Answer: 
The Dalits wanted political empower-ment meant resolving the problem of their social disabilities.

Question 42.
Who was Abdul Ghaffar Khan ?
Answer: 
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a devout disciple of Gandhiji. He was called as ‘Frontier Gandhi’.

Question 43.
Who formed the Gadar party and when ?
Answer: 
The revolutionary leader Har Dayal formed the Gadar Party on 3rd May, 1913.

Question 44.
Where are Dandi and Chauri- Chaura?
Answer: 
Dandi is situated in Gujarat and Chauri- Chaura is in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Question 45.
From where did Gandhiji start his Dandi March or Salt March?
Answer: 
Gandhiji started his Dandi march or salt march from Gandhi Ashram situated in Sabarmati.



Question 46.
At which congress session was the programme of the non - cooperation movement adopted ?
Answer: 
At the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non - cooperation programme was adopted.

Question 47.
Who led the peasant movement in Awadh?
Answer: 
The peasant movement was led by Baba Ramchandra Sanyasi in Awadh.

Question 48.
When did the congress declare to celebrate the Independence Day ?
Answer: 
The congress declared to celebrate the Independence Day on 26th January, 1930.

Question  49.
In his letter to Viceroy Irwin, how many demands were stated by Gandhiji ?
Answer: 
On 31st January, 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.

Question  50.
What ultimatum was given by Mahatma Gandhi to Viceroy Irwin in his letter ?
Answer: 
Gandhiji gave an ultimatum to Viceroy Irwin in his letter that if the demand were not fulfilled by II March, 1930, the congress would start Civil Disobedience movement.

Question  51.
In which round table conference did Gandhiji participate and when ?
Answer: 
In December, 1931, Gandhiji attended the second round table conference held in London.

Question  52.
Mention two names of Industrialists who supported the Civil Disobedience movement.
Answer: 

• Purshottam Thakurdas
• G D. Birla.

Question  53.
Why did Dr. Ambedkar clash with Gandhiji at the second round table conference ?
Answer: 
Dr. Ambedkar clashed with Gandhiji at second round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits.



Question  54.
Who wrote Anandmath ?
Answer: 
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyayay wrote ‘Anandmath’.

Question  55.
What was Poona Pact ?
Answer: 
PoonaPact gave the depresses classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative assemblies.

Question  56.
Over which question, where there differences between the congress and Muslim league regarding participation in the Civil Disobedience movement ?
Answer: 
There were important differences over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

Question  57.
How did Lala Lajpat Rai die ?
Answer: 
Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by the British police during a peaceful demonstration against the Simon Commission. He succumbed to injuries that were inflicted on him during the demonstration.

Question 58.
Name 3 prominent leaders of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA).
Answer: 

• Bhagat Singh
• Jatin Das
• Ajoy Ghosh. 

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-I):

Question 1.
How did modern nationalism grow in India ?
Answer: 

1. People began discovering their unit} in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
2. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism, provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.

Question  2.
Why did Gandhiji adopt the policy of non - cooperation ?
Answer: 
Gandhiji thought that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.

Question 3.
What do you know about Rowlatt Act ?
Answer: 
In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council. It gave the government enormous powers to refresh political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Question 4.
What steps were taken by the British government to curb the nationalists who staged satyagraha against Rowlatt Act ?
Answer: 

1. Local leaders were pricked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
2. On 10 April, 1919, the police in Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession.
3. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Answer: 
On 13th April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer entered the area and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds of people.

Question 6.
What was the reaction of Jallianwala Bagh massacre in India ?
Answer: 
After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre,, crowds of people poured into the streets in many north Indian Towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government adopted repressive policy. People were flogged and villages were bombed. 

Question 7.
What do you know about Alluri Sitaram Raju ?
Answer: 
Alluri Sitaram Raju was a leader of the tribal peasants who lived in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. He asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force not non - violence.

Question 8.
What were the problems of peasants of Awadh ?
Answer: 

1. The Talukdars and landlords demanded exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other taxes from peasants.
2. Peasants had to do 'began and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
3. As tenants peasants had no security of tenure, they were being evicted regularly.

Question 9.
Why were the people of Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh agitated against the government ? .
Answer: 

1. The government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering to graze their cattle and to collect fuel wood and fruits.
2. The government forced them to do 'begar' for road building. On this hill people revolted.

Question 10.
What did Swaraj mean for plantation workers ?
Answer: 
For plantation workers freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining on link with the village from which they had come. 
 

Question 11.
Why did the Non - cooperation movement gradually slow down in the cities ?
Answer: 

1. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass production mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
2.  Indian institutions were not setup in large number. So students and teachers began joining government schools. Lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Question 12.
What do you know about Chauri - Chaura incident ? What was the impact of incident on Gandhiji ?
Answer: 
On 5th Feb 1922, at Chauri - Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration of the satyagrahis in a bazar turned into a violent clash with the police. In this violent incident 22 policemen were killed. On hearing this incident, Gandhiji called a halt on the Non -cooperation movement.

Question 13.
Why was salt choosen for starting Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer: 
Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule. According to Gandhiji salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

Question 14.
Write a short note on Lahore Congress of December, 1929.
Answer: 
In December. 1929 under the presidency of Jawahar Lai Nehru, the Lahore congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January, 1930 would be celebrated on the Independence Day when people were to take pledge to struggle for complete independence.

Question 15.
Mention the causes of participating of rich peasant communities in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: 

1. Rich peasants were hit very hard by the trade depression and falling prices.
2. They found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
3. The government had refused to reduce the revenue demand.

Question 16.
When was Gandhi - Irwin Pact signed ? What were the main provisions of this Pact ?
Answer: 
Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed on 5th March 1931. The main provisions of this pact were following ones:

1. Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
2. The government agreed to release the political prisoners.

Question 17.
Why did the British government setup the Simon Commission ?
Answer: 
The British government set up the Simon Commission in 1927. The British government setup the Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and to suggest suitable changes.

Question 18.
What steps were taken by Gandhiji to improve the condition of the Dalits.
Answer: 

1. Gandhiji called Dalits, children of God.
2. Gandhiji organised satyagrahato secure them entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
3. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of sweepers and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the ‘sin of untouchability’.

Question 19.
What were the causes of slowing down of the Non - cooperation movement ?
Answer: 

1. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. They could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
2. Alternative Indian institutions were not set up in large numbers. So students and teachers began to join government schools and lawy ers joined back to work in government courts.

Question 20.
What do you know about Bardoli Satyagraha? 
Ans.
Bardoli Satyagraha:
In 1928, Vallabhbhai Patel led the peasant movement in Bardoli, a taluka in Gujarat, against enhancement of land revenue, known as the Bardoli Satyagraha, this movement was a success under the able leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel. The struggle was widely publicised and generated immense sympathy in many parts of India.

 Short Answer Type Questions (Type - II):

Question 1.
Name the book written by Gandhiji in 1909. Why did he adopt the policy of Non - cooperation against the British to achieve independence ?
Answer: 
The name of the book written by Gandhiji in 1909 is ‘Hind Swaraj’. Gandhiji adopted the policy of Non-cooperation against the British to achieve independence due to the following reasons:
(1) Gandhiji believed that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would cone to an end within a year and swaraj would come.

(2) There was a great resentment in all the social groups of India against the oppressive policies of the government. Hence Gandhiji wanted to unite them by launching a Non - cooperation movement.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the ‘Indentured labour.
Answer: 
During Indentured Labour:
During the colonial rule, many Indians were taken to work in Fiji, Guiana and West Indies under an agreement. Later on these labourers were called as ‘Indentured’. They were taken under an agreement which was later on called as ‘Indenture’. On this basis, these labourers were calle4 as ‘Indenture Labourers’. Most of the indentured labourers of India went to other countries from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and Tamilnadu. These labourers were taken to work in tea-gardens, mines, constraction of roads and railways. These labourers were exploited here. They had to work in very difficult conditions and were given small wages. However, they discovered th'eir new ways to lead a new life.

Question 3.
Explain the salt march of Gandhiji and describe the working plan of the civil disobedience movement.
Answer: 
Sait March of Gandhiji: On March 12, 1930 Gandhiji alongwith his trusted 78 volunteers, started his salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. The march was over after 240 miles. The volunteers walked for 24 days. Thousands of people came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped and told them the meaning of Swaraj and urged them to violate the colonial laws peacefully. On 6th April Gandhiji reached Dandi and began to manufacture salt by boiling sea-water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement.
Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

1.  Non - cooperation with the British.
2. Violating the colonial laws.
3. Demonstration in front of the government salt factories.
4. Boycott of foreign goods and cloth.
5. Picketing the liquor shops.

Question 4.
Explain the meaning of the Khilafat movement. Examine the role of Gandhiji in it.
Answer: 
Meaning of the Khilafat Movement
The Ottoman emperor was considered as the spiritual head (the Khalifa) of the Islamic world. Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the first world war. There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor. This angered the Indian Muslims and they started the Khilafat movement against the British government.

Role of Gandhiji in the Khilafat movement:
Gandhiji supported the Khilafat movement to create unity among the Hindus and Muslims. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali Muslim leaders of the Khalifat movement discussed with Gandhiji to start a united mass action cm the issue. Gandhiji saw this opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

Question 5.
Describe the earlier Satyagraha movements started by Gandhiji after his arrival in India from South Africa.
Answer: 

1. In 1917, Gandhiji started a satyagraha movement in Champaran in Bihar. He visited the Champaran area and inspired the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
2.  In 1917, Gandhiji organised a Satyagraha movement in the Kheda Distt. of Gujarat to support the peasants. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue and were demanding that revenue collection should be released.
3.  In 1918, Gandhiji started a Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad. Gandhiji persuaded the cotton mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a struggle. 

Question 6.
Discuss the effects of the first world war on the people of India.
Answer: 
Effects of the First World War:
(1) Creation of new economic and political situation: The first world war created a new economic and political situation in India.

(2) Increase in the defence expenditure: The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.

(3) Increase in prices: Through the war years, prices increased double between 1913 and 1918. This led to extreme hardship for the common people.
 
(4) Forced recruitment: Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural are as caused widespread anger.

(5) Famines, and influenza epidemic: In 1918 - 19 and 1920 - 21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in famines. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. About 12 to 13 million people died as a result of famines and the epidemic.

Question 7.
Discuss the economic effects of the Non - cooperation movement.
Answer: 
Economic Effects of the Non cooperation Movement:

1. During the non - cooperation movement, foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires.
2. The import of foreign cloth hal' d between 1921 and 1922. Its value dropped from ? 102 crore to ? 57 crore.
3. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
4. People began discarding imported clothes and wear only Indian clothes. Production of Indian textile mills and handloom went up.

Question 8.

What do you mean by Khilafat movement ? Why did Gandhiji support it ?
Answer: 
Khilafat Movement:
The Ottoman emperor was considered as the spiritual head (Khalifa) of the Islamic world:
Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the first world war. There were rumours that a harsh peace  treat) was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor. This angered the Indian Muslims and they started the Khilafat movement against the British government.
Support of Gandhiji to the Khilafat movement Gandhiji wanted to support the Khilafat movement to create unity among the Hindus and Muslims.

This could be achieved by organising Khilafat movement:  A Khalifa committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. Muhammad Ali ami Shaukat Ali; Muslim leaders of Khilafat movement discussed Gandhiji to start a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and swaraj.



Question 9.
Describe the programme of Non - cooperation movement.
Or
What were the proposals of Gandhiji regarding Non - cooperation movement.
Answer: 

1. The titles awarded by the government should be surrendered.
2. Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, schools and legislative assemblies should be introduced.
3. Boycott of foreign goods, should be started.
4. If the government adopted an oppressive policy, a full civil disobediences campaign should be launched.

Question 10.
Why did the peasants  start movement in Awadh ?
Or
Describe the Awadh peasant movement.
Answer: 
Awadh Peasant Movement:
In Awadh, the peasants started movement because they were exploited by the Talukdars and landlords. This movement was led by a Sanyasi Baba Ramchandra. The talukdars and landlords demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do ‘begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. They were being evicted regularly so that they would get no right over the leased land.

The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of ‘begar’ and social boycott of oppressive landlords. By October 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra. So when the Non - cooperation movement began in 1921, the effort of the congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

Question 11.
Give an account of the tribal peasant movement under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra Pradesh.
Or
Write a short note on Alluri Sitaram Raju.
Answer: 
Tribal Peasant Movement:
In the early 1920s, in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerilla movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forest to graze their cattle or to collect fuel wood and fruits. So there was a great resentment in the tribal peasants when the government began forcing them to contribute ‘begar’ for road building and the hill people revolted it. Alluri Sitaram Raju led this movement. Raju claimed that he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and they could survive even from bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God.
 

Alluri Sitaram Raju said that he was inspired by the Non - cooperation movement and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give updrinking. But he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not by non¬violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, assembled to kill the British officials and carried no guerrilla warfare to get swaraj. Raju was arrested and executed in 1924, and over time, became a folk hero.

Question 12.
Describe the plantation workers movement.
Or
What did Swaraj mean to plantation workers in Assam ?
Answer: 
Plantation Workers Movement:
Planation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact these were rarely given such permission. When the plantation workers heard of the Non - cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and started for their homes. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in his own village.

Question 13.
Why did Gandhiji start salt march ?
Or
What was the objective of salt march of Gandhiji ?
Answer: 
Objective of Salt March of Gandhiji:
Gandhiji found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite a nation. On 31st January, 1930 he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands of different classes. The most stirring c all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt w s something consumed by the rich and the poor alike and it was one of the most .essential term of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production. Gandhiji declared and revealed the most oppressive face of British rule. When the British government did not accept Gandhi's demands, he started his salt march on 12th March, 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to break the salt law. He reached Dandi on 6th April. 1930 and violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.



Question 14.
Why did the rich peasants participate in the Civil Disobedience movement ?
Or
What did Swaraj mean to the rich peasants ?
Answer: 
The Meaning of Swaraj to rich Peasants:
Swaraj means for rich peasants, a struggle against high revenue. In the countryside rich peasants like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the Civil Disobe-dience movement. Being producers of commercial crops, they were hit very hard by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. These rich peasants became supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Organising their communities and at times forcing reluctant members to participate in the boycott programmes. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932. many of them did not participate in it.

Question 15.
Why were the relations between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain ?
Or
Why did the poor peasants participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer: 
The poor peasants were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. As the Depression continued and cash incomes reduced, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined many radical movements often led by socialists and communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upsef the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support no rent' campaigns in most places. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

Question 16.
What was the role of businessmen in the Civil Disobedience movement ?
Answer: 
Role of Businessman in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
During the First world war Indian merchants and Businessmen industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now? reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. To organic business interests, they formed the Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927.

Led by prominent Industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience movement when it was first launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and Industry would flourish without constraints. But after the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.

Question 17.
Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: 
Role of Women in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
There was a large - scale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement. During Gandhiji's salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many women went to jails cheerfully. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.



Question 18.
Explain the role of Muslim political organisations in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: 
Role of Muslim Political Orga-nisations in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
Some of the Muslim political organisations in India did not show much enthusiasm. After the decline of the Non-cooperation Khilafat movement a large section of Muslim felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid- 1920s, the Congress came to the more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and roots in many Cities.

The important differences between Congress and Muslim League were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a prominent leader of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslim were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim dominated provinces but negotiations over the question of representation did not succeed. Large section of Muslims did not participate in the Civil Disobedience movement. Many Muslim leaders expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.

Question 19.
Write a short note on ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer: 
Poona Pact:
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a great leader of the Dalits, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. When the British government conceded Dr. Ambedkar’s demand for separate electorates, Gandhiji opposed this and began a fast unto death. Dr. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position. A Pact was finalised in September, 1932 between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji which is called as ‘Poona Pact’. According to this pact, it gave the Dalits reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorates.

Question 20.
What efforts did Gandhiji make to get the dalits their rights ?
Answer: 
Mahatma Gandhi believed that Swaraj cannot be established even for years without eliminating untouchability. Therefore, to get the dalits their rights, he did die following:

1. Gandhiji called the ‘untouchables’, the children of God.
2. He organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roods and schools.
3. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers.
4. Gandhiji persuaded Upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability.’

Question 21.
When was Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) established ? How did its leaders protest against the British government ?
Answer: 
Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non - violence. In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, its leaders targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year there was an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. Thus, through various revolutionary activities, they protested. Its leaders were prosecuted and hanged.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What was Rowlatt Act ? Why did Gandhiji oppose it ?
Or
Describe the Rowlatt Satyagraha launched by Mahatma Gandhi. 
What steps were taken by the British government to suppress the Rowlatt Satyagraha ?
Answer: 
Rowlatt Act:
In March, 1919 the Imperial Legislative Council passed the Rowlatt Act. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. There was a great resentment in Indian against this Act.

Opposition of Gandhiji of Rowlatt Act: 
Gandhiji opposed the Rowlatt Act vehemently and decided to launch a nation-wide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. He appealed the people to go on ‘hartal’ on 6th April, 1930. In response to Gandhiji’s appeal, hartal was observed at various places. Rallies were organised in many cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down.

Repressive policy of the government:
The British government adopted a repressive policy to curb this movement. The government decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders of Amritsar were arrested and Mahatma Gandhi was a hatred from entering Delhi on 10th April, 1919, the police in Amritsar fired a peaceful procession, provoking people to attack on bank, post offices mid railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. On 13th April, 1919 General Dyer opened fire on a vast crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh, consequently hundreds of people were killed and thousands of people were wounded.



Question 2.
Discuss the role of middle class people of the Cities in the Non-cooperation movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. Or
Discuss the progress of the Non¬cooperation movement in the cities. What were the causes of slowing down the movement in the cities ?
Answer: 
Role of Middle Class People of the Cities in the Non - cooperation Movement:
Role of middle class people of the cities can be described under the following points:
(1) Role of students, teachers and lawyers: Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned and the lawyers gave up their legal practices.

(2) Boycott of council elections: The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. '

(3) Boycott of foreign goods: During the non-cooperation movement, foreign goods were boycotted liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires.

(4) Refusal of trade in foreign goods: In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

(5) Discarding imported clothes: People began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones. Causes of Slowing down of the Movement in the Cities.

The causes of slowing down of the movement in the cities were as given below:
(1) Expensive cloth: Khadi cloth was often more expansive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. They could not boycott mill cloth for a long time.

(2) Lack of setting up of alternative Indian Institutions: For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in peace of the British ones. These were slow to come up. So students and teachers began coming back to government schools and lawyers joined back to work in government court.

Question 3.
Analyse the causes of the Non - cooperation movement. 
Or
What circumstances were responsible which led to the Non - cooperation movement ?
Answer: 
Causes of the Non - cooperation Movement:
Causes of the Non - cooperation movement can to described under the following points: 
(1) Increase in taxes: The first world war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced.

(2) Increasing prices: Through the war years prices increased, they doubled between 1914 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

(3) Forced recruitment: Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(4) Famines and influenza epidemic: In 1918 -19 and 1920 - 21, crops foiled in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an influenza & epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people died as result of famines and the epidemic.

(5) Rowlatt Act: The Imperial Legislative Council passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. It gave the enromous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

(6) Jallianwala Bagh massacre: On 13th April, 1919 General Dyer opened fire on innocent people who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh which resulted in killing hundreds of people.

(7) Repressive policy of the government: After Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the British government adopted repressive policy. People were flogged and alleged bombing.

(8) Khilafat movement: Gandhiji supp-orted the Khilafat movement which gave support to the Non-coperation movement.



Question 4.
Discuss the causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Or
What were the circumstances under which the Civil Disobedience was launched by Gandhiji ?
Answer: 
Causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
There were the following causes of launching the Civil Disobedience movement under the leadership of Gandhi in 1930:
(1) Effect of the worldwide economic depression:
Due to the world wide economic depression of 1930, the economic condition of India was critical. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil. ’

(2) Simon Commission:
The British government set up the Simon commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the Simon commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all the British. When the Simon commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan 'Go back, Simon’. All the parties including the Congress and the Muslim League participated in the demonstration.

(3) Declaration of Lord Irwin:
In an effort to win over the leaders of political parties, Lord Irwin announced in October, 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. But this did not satisfy the leader.

(4) The demand of Purna Swaraj:
In December, 1929 under the presidency of Jawahar Lai Nehru the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Puma Swaraj' of full independence for India. It was declared that 26th January, 1930, would be celebrated as the ‘Independence Day' when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

(5) Gandhiji’s eleven demands:
On 31 January, 1930 Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin starting eleven demands. The idea was to make the demands wide ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify' with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

It wras an ultimatum to the British government that if the demands w ere not fulfilled by 11 March, 1930, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a Civil Disobedience movement. When Lord Irwin did not accept the demands, Gandhiji started his salt march on 12th March, 1930.

Question 5.
Discuss the progress of the Civil Disobedience movement launched by Gandhiji in 1930.
Answer: 
The progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(1) Salt March:
Salt march marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement. On 12th March, 1930 Gandhiji started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. Gandhiji started the march from Sabarmati Ashram to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The march was over 240 miles. Gandhi walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands of people came to hear Mahatma Gandhi. Where as he stopped, he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to defy the British peacefully. Gandhiji reached Dandi on 6th April and started manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. Thus Gandhiji violated the salt law.

(2) Progress of the Civil Disobedience movement:
The salt march of Gandhiji marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement. Thousands of people in different parts of the country, broke the salt law by manufacturing salt and they demonstrated in front of the government salt factories. Foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and Chaukidari taxes. Village officials resigned and in many places, forest people violated , forest laws going into Reserve Forest to collect wood and graze cattle.

(3) Oppressive policy of the government:
The British government adopted an oppressive policy to curb the movement. The government arrested Gandhiji and many of their congress leader?. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1,00,000 people were arrested.

(4) Gandhi - Irwin Pact:
On 5th March, Gandhi - Irwin Pact was finalised. According to this Pact, Gandhiji participated in the Second Round Table Conference held in London in December, 1931, but the negotiation broke down.

(5) Relaunching the movement:
After the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, the government started repressive policy. So Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience movement. Over a year the movement continued but by 1934, it was withdrawn by Gandhiji.

Question 6.
How did the feeling of collective belonging in India arise ? Describe.
Answer: 
In India, people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging. This sense of collective belonging come partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.
The following elements had major contribution in:

(1) Bharat Mata’s image in the twentieth century:
It was in the twentieth century, with growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In fire 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. It was widely sung during the Swadeshi movment in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this picture Bharat Mata is portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism,

(2) Folk tales and songs:
Reviving Indian folk tales also strengthened the idea of collective belonging or nationality in India. In late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published Tamil folk tales.

(3) Symbols and Icons:
The use of icons and symbols in the national movment also generated a sense of collective belonging and nationalism among the people. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

(4) History and Literature:
Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism in India was through history and literature. Many people started writing about that ancient era when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. Many literary works were also compose In this way, a sense of 4iecthfc beloging and a sense of nationalism 'in Ihe -people in the above mentioned several ways.



Question 7.
Describe the Quit India Movement briefly.
Or
What do you know about Quit India Movement ? Explain.
Answer: 
Quit India Movement:
The failure of the Cripps Mission and the effects of World War II created widespread discontentment in India. This led Gandhiji to launch a movement calling for complete withdrawl of the British from India:
The main things of this Quit India movement are as follows:
(1) The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha on 14 July, 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit India’ resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power to Indians and quit India.

(2) On 8 August, 1942 in Bombay, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country;

(3) It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech.

(4) The call for ‘Quit India’ almost brought the state machinery to a standstill in large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw themselves into the thick of the movement.

(5) People observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The movement was truly a mass movement which brought into its ambit thousands of ordinary people, namely students, workers and peasants.

(6) It also saw the active participation of leaders, namely, Jayprakash Narayan, Arana Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many women such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha.

(7) Excessive force was used by the British to crash the movement.'Despite it took more than a year to suppress the movment.

Question 8.
How did the reinterpretation of history create a sense of nationalism ? What was its problem ?
Answer: 
Reinterpretation of history and nationalism: In India, reinterpretation of history was also another means of creating a feeling of nationalism. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began to reinterpret history in search of their great achievements.

They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rale. The reinterpretation of history also had its own problem. When the past being glorified was Hindu, when the images celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography, then people of other communities felt left out.