RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Important Questions and Answers. 

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Objective Type Questions:

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions And Answers Question 1. 
Civil Code known as the Napoleanic Code was framed:
(a) 1789 
(b) 1814
(c) 1804 
(d) 1815
Answer:
(c) 1804 

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Important Questions And Answers Question 2.
In which year was a custom union called as Zollverein formed?
(a) 1848 
(b) 1815
(c) 1870 
(d) 1834
Answer:
(d) 1834

 

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Important Questions Question 3. 
WTien was Vienna Congress organised?
(a) 1815 
(b) 1825
(c) 1804 
(d) 1830
Answer:
(a) 1815 

Class 10 Sst History Chapter 1 Important Questions And Answers Question 4. 
Who was the architect of nation-building process in Germany?
(a) Mazzini
(b) William IV
(c) William I
(d) Otto Von Bismarck
Answer:
(d) Otto Von Bismarck

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Short Questions And Answers Question 5.
Who was Cavour?
(a) Chief Minister of Austria
(b) Foreign Minister of England
(c) Chief Minister of Sardinia - Piedmont
(d) King of Prussia
Answer:
(c) Chief Minister of Sardinia - Piedmont

Nationalism In Europe Class 10 Important Questions Question 6. 
The first clear expression of nationalism appeared in which event?
(a) In French Revolution
(b) In the freedom struggle of Unan
(c) In unification of Italy
(d) In the Balkans rebellion
Answer:
(a) In French Revolution

The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Important Questions Question 7.
 What language did half of the people speak in Hungary?
(a) Polish language
(b) Magyar language
(c) Italian language
(d) English language
Answer:
(b) Magyar language

Class 10th History Chapter 1 Important Questions Question 8. 
Who founded ‘Young Italy'?
(a) Bismarck
(b) Cavour 
(c) Garibaldi
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
Answer:
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini

Important Questions Of Nationalism In Europe Question 9.
'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.' Who made this comment?
(a) Ernst Renan 
(b) Napoleon
(c) Mettemich
(d) Lord Byron
Answer:
(c) Mettemich

कक्षा 10 इतिहास अध्याय 1 महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न Question 10. 
When did the Papal state join Italy ?
(a) In 1858 
(b) ln I860
(c) In 1867 
(d) In 1870
Answer:
(d)

Fill in the blanks:

Very Short Extra Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 Question 1. 
In Sorrieu's ............... the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations.
Answer:
Utopian Vision

Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Class 10 Important Questions Question 2. 
The Vienna conference was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor ..............
Answer:
Duke Mettemich

History Chapter 1 Important Questions Class 10 Question 3. 
In ................... the treaty of constantinopole recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer:
year 1832

Important Questions Of The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Question 4. 
Bismarck had a major role in the unification of ......................
Answer:
Germany

History Ch 1 Extra Questions Class 10 Question 5. 
The ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain' was formed in the year ...................
Answer:
1707.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

History Ch 1 Extra Questions Class 10 Question 1. 
 When was Zollverein formed?
Answer:
Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia.

Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Extra Questions Question 2. 
When was the Vienna congress organised?
Answer:
Vienna congress was organised in 1815.

Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 Extra Questions Question 3. 
Who hosted the Vienna congress? 
Answer:
Duke Mettemich, the Austrian chancellor hosted the Vienna congress. 

Important Questions Of History Ch 1 Class 10 Question 4. 
What was Carbonari?
Answer:
Carbonari was a secret society of the revolutionaries of Italy.

Class 10th History Chapter 1 Extra Question Answers Question 5. 
Which treaty’ recognised Greece as an independent country?
Answer:
The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent country.

History Ch 1 Important Question Question 6. 
When was the new German Empire proclaimed ?
Answer:
The new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed on 18th Jan 1871.

One Word Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 Question 7. 
Which Italian revolutionary founded two underground secret societies ?
Answer:
Giuseppe Mazzini founded two underground secret societies:

1. young Italy in Marseilles and 
2. young Europe in Berue.

Very Short Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 Question 8. 
Who founded young Italy and when?
Answer:
Mazzini founded young Itlay in 1831.

Question 9. 
What do you mean by absolutist?
Answer:
Absolutist means a government of syslian of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.

Question 10. 
What do you mean by utopian?
Answer:
Utopian is a vision of a society 7 that is so ideal that it is actually unlikely to exist.

Question 11. 
When did the French Revolution take place?
Answer:
The French Revolution took place in 1789. 

Question 12. 
“When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.” Who made this remark ?
Answer:
The Duke Mettemich.

Question 13. 
Describe the two characteristics of civil code (Napoleonic Code), 1804.
Answer:

1. It abolished all privileges based on birth. 
2. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Question 14. 
What was zollverein ?
Answer:
Zollverein was a custom union which was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia.

Question 15. 
What was conservatism ?
Answer:
Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of traditions, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development.

Question 16. 
Who had collectively defeated Napoleon ?
Answer:
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon.

Question 17. 
What is meant by liberal nationalism ?
Answer:
Liberalism stands for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Question 18. 
What is Romanticism ?
Answer:
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment.

Question 19. 
Who was the architect of unification of Germay ?
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck was the architect of unification of Germany.

Question 20. 
Who was proclaimed the king of Germany after unification of Germany ?
Answer:
William I was proclaimed the King of Germany after unification of Germany.

Question 21. 
When was Vienna congress held? Who hosted the congress ?
Answer:

1. Vienna congress was held in 1815.
2. The Austrian Chancellor Duke Mettemich hosted the congress.

Question 22. 
What do you mean by Feminist ?
Answer:
Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders.

Question 23. 
Which countries were defeated by Bismarck for the sake of unification of Germany.
Answer:
Bismarck defeated Denmark, Austria and France during the period of seven years for the sake of unification of Germany.

Question 24. 
When was the unification of Italy completed ?
Answer:
The unification of Germany was completed in 1871.

Question 25. 
When was the new7 German Empire proclaimed and by whom was it headed ?
Answer:
The new German Empire was proclaimed on 18th January, 1871 headed by Kaiser William I of. Prussia.

Question 26. 
What was the contribution of Cavour in the unification of Italy ?
Answer:
Cavour got the military assistance from France through a diplomatic treaty and defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.

Question 27. 
What was the contribution of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy ?
Answer:
Garibaldi along with his armed volunteers attacked Sicily and Naples in 1860 and captured them.

Question 28.
Who was proclaimed as the king of united Italy and when ?
Answer:
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question 29. 
Who led the famous expedition of the thousand to South Italy and when ?
Answer:
In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi led the famous Expedition of the thousand to south Italy.

Question 30. 
In how many states was Italy divided before its unification?
Answer:
Italy before its unification was divided into seven states.

Question 31. 
Which was the only one state of Italy that was ruled Italian princely house?
Answer:
Only one state of Italy Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.

Question 32. 
Who was Bismarck ?
Answer:
Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia. He defeated Denmark, Austria and France and completed the unification of Germany.

Question 33. 
Write the names of the four countries where representatives took part in Vienna Congress in 1815.
Answer:
The representatives of the four countries who took part in Vienna congress were England, Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Question 34. 
When did the struggle for independence of the Greeks begin?
Answer:
The struggle for independence of the Greeks began m 1821.

Question 35. 
Who was the English poet who took part in the war of independence of the Greeks?
Answer:
The English poet Lord Byron took part in the struggle for independence of the Greeks and died there.

Question 36. 
When did the united kingdom of Great Britain came into existence?
Answer:
The Act of union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the united kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.

Question 37. 
When was Ireland incorporated into the United Kingdom?
Answer:
Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

Question 38. 
Which was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
Answer:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.

Question 39. 
Under whose control was the large part of the Balkans?
Answer:
The large part of the Balkans was under the control of Ottoman Empire.

Question 40. 
Name the European powers in which there was an intense rivalry.
Answer:
There was an intense rivalry among Russia, Germany, England and Austro - Hungary in the Balkan region.

Question 41. 
Who were the female allegories in France and Germany?
Answer:
Marianne was a female allegory in France and Germania was the allegory of Germany.

Question 42. 
In which year was the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul?
Answer:
On 18th May, 1848.

Question 43. 
Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve the aim of unification of Germany?
Answer:
When the members of Parliament offered the crown to the King of Prussia, he rejected it and began to oppose the elected assembly.

Question 44.
When was the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ formed?
Answer:
The ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ was formed in the year 1707'.

Question 45. 
Who was the woman to raise voice for women’s liberty and equality?
Answer:
Louise Otto - Peters was a political activist who raised voice for women’s liberty and equality.

Question 46. 
Who founded the ‘Feminist political association’ ?
Answer:
Louise Otto - Peters founded the ‘Feminist political association’.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type - I):

Very Short Questions For Class 10 History Chapter 1 Question 1. 
What four measures did the French revolutionaries choose to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people ?
Answer:
The French revolutionaries choose the following four measures for collective identity:

•  La patrie,
•  Le citoyen,
• The tricolour,
• French language.

Question 2. 
Give an account of the changes that came in the walked of the French Revolution of 1789 ?
Answer:

1. Sovereignty was transferred from the monarchy to a body of French citizen.
2. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Question 3. 
What was the civil code or Napoleonic code of 1804 ?
Answer:
Napoleon introduced the civil code known as the Nepoleonic code in 1804. It abolished all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Question 4. 
How did the people of France encourage the feeling of nationalism ?
Answer:
After the French revolution of 1789, the students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up jacobian clubs. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the idea of nationalism abroad.

Question 5. 
Why did the people of France became -hostile towards the French revolution of 1789 after sometime ?
Answer:

1. After sometime, the people of France became hostile when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go.hand in hand with political freedom.
2. There was a resentment in the people against increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French army

Question 6. 
What do you mean by liberal nationalism ?
Answer:
The term liberalism derives from the Latin root ‘liber’ meaning free. For the new middle-class liberalism. Stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. 

Question 7. 
What do you know about Zollverein ?
Answer:
In 1834 a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and formed by most of the German states. Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced the member of currencies from over thirty to two.

Question 8. 
What was new conservatism developed after 1815 ?
Answer:
Conservatives emphasised that the established, traditional institution of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. They believed modernisation was helpful in strengthening monarchy.

Question 9. 
What was the nature of conser¬vative regimes set up in 1815 ?
Answer:

1. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 work autocratic. 
2. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. They wanted to cure activities that Questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. 
3. Most of them imposed censorship laws on writing and speech.

Question 10. 
Describe the French Revolution of 1830.
Answer:
There was resentment in the liberal revolution of France against the autocratic rule. They overthrew the autocratic Borbon Kings of France through a revolution in July 1830 and installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

Question 11. 
What do you mean by Romanticism ?
Answer:
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form a nationalist sentiment. Romantic poets and artists generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and emphasized on emotion, intuition and musical feelings. They laid stress collective heritage.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type - D):

Question 1. 
What is liberalism ? Which ideas were promoted by the revolution of liberal of 1848 ?
Or
What do you mean by the European liberal nationalism of the nineteenth century ?
Answer:
Liberal Nationalism:
The term Liberalism derives from the Latin root ‘liber’, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. Liberalism laid the stress on the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. They also stressed the inviolability of Private property. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital.

Question 2. 
Who was Ernst Renan ? How did he explain the nation?
Answer:
Ernst Renan was a French philosopher. He explained the nation in a lecture in Sorbonne in 1882 as follows:

1.  He criticises that a nation is formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory.
2.  According to him, a nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
3. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea.
4. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people.
5. A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity. Its existence is a daily plebiscite. A province is its inhabitants.
6. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
7. The existence of nations is a good thing. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty.

Question 3. 
“The age of 1830 - 1848 was the age of revolutions in the history of Europe.” Elucidate.
Answer:
In the history of Europe, the age of 1830 - 1848 is called the age of revolutions because in many European countries, revolutions broke out against autocratic and conservative rule. First of all, a revolution took place in France in July, 1830. The liberal revolutionaries revolted against the autocratic and conservative rule of the Bourbon kings of France. Consequently, the autocratic king of France was over thrown by liberal revolutionaries. The July Revolution sparked revolutions in Belgium, Italian and German states, Poland and Balkan regions.'

Question 4. 
Describe the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 ?
Answer:
Main provision of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815:
In 1815, representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, met at Vienna to drawup a settlement for Europe. The congress was hosted by the chancellor of Austria, Duke Mettemich. The main provisions of the treaty of Vienna of 1815 were as given below:

1. The Bourbon dynasty, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
2.  A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of Netherlands was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
3.  Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
4. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Sexony.
5. The German confederation of 39 states that had been setup by Napoleon, was left untouched.

Question 5. 
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Elucidate.
Answer:

1. There was an anormous increase in population all over Europe in the first half of the 19th centuary.
2. In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
3. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
4. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

Question 6. 
Describe the Revolution of the liberals of 1848 in Germany.
Or
What role was played by Frankfurt Parliament in the unification of Germany ?
Answer:
The revolution of the liberals of 1848 in Germany:
The German liberal movement of 1848 was led by a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. They all came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all German National Assembly on 18th May, 1848, 831 elected representatives took their seats in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of St. Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a Monarchy subject to a parliament when the deputies offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of Prussia, he rejected it and opposed the elected assembly.

Question 7. 
Describe the role of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
Role of Garibaldi in the Unification of Italy:
Garibaldi was a great freedom fighter of Italy. He was bom in 1807. He became sailor in the merchant navy. He became a member of the young Italy in 1833 and was arrested for taking part in a republican revolt of Piedmont in 1834. He took part in the revolution of 1848 and succeeded in setting up a republic in Rome. He formed a party of armed volunteers called as ‘Red shirts’. In 1860, he along with armed volunteers of red shirt attacked Sicily and Naples and captured them. Naples and Sicily were incorporated in Sardinia Piedmont.

Question 8. 
Evaluate the contribution of Cavour in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
Contribution of Cavour in the unification of Italy:
Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia - Piedmont. He was a great administrator and talented diplomat. He succeeded in getting the military assistance from France through a tactful diplomatic treaty with France in 1858. He was able to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859 with the Military assistance taken from France. As a result of the defeat of Austria, Austria agreed to give Lombardi to Sardinia-Piedmont. Later on Modena, Parma and Tuskany were also in corporated in Sardinia - Piedmont.

Question 9. 
What was the political condition of Italy in the 19th century before its unification ?
Answer:
Political Condition of Italy before its Unification:
Italians were scattered over many dynastic states and the multi-national Habsburg Empire. In the middle of nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states:

1. Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
2.  Lombardi and Venetia were under the rule of Austria.
3. Parma, Modena and Tuskany were under Habsburg rulers.
4. Rome was ruled the Pope.
5. Sicily and Naples were under the domination of the Bourbon Kings.
6. The Italian language had not acquired form and still had many regional and local variations.

Question 10. 
Describe the war of Independence of the Greeks against the Turkish regime. 
Answer:
Greek War of Independence:
Greek had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth fcentury. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe inspired the Greeks to start their struggle for freedom against the Turks. Their struggle for independence began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. The English poet Lord Byron participated in the war and died there in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1. 
“The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.” Explain.
Answer:
The First Clear Expression of Nationalism:
It is evident that the first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In support of this, the facts are given below:
1. The Political and Constitutional Changes:
The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that people would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

2. Introduction of various measures and practices:
The French revolutionar introduced the following measures and practi; s to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

1. The ideas of ‘lapatrie’ (the fatherland) and lecitoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2.  A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3.  The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A centralised administrative system was setup to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
6. Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
8. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nations to liberal the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become a nation.

Question 2. 
Describe the main characteristics of the aristocracy and the new middle class of Europe.
Answer:
The main characteristics of the Aristocracy and the new middle class:
1. Main characteristics of the aristocracy:

1. The members of aristocracy owned estates in the countryside and also town houses.
2. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.​​​​
3. ​​​ Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
4. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
5. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
6. This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group.

2. Characteristics of the new middle class:

1. Due to the growth of industrial production and trade, the towns came into existence. Due to the growth of the towns, the commercial classes emerged.
2.  On account of industrialisation in Europe, new social groups came into existence, a working class population and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
3.  It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privilages gained popularity.

Question 3. 
Explain the causes of becoming Great Britain as the Ideal Nation State.
Answer:
Causes of becoming Great Britain as the Ideal Nation State:
The causes of becoming Great Britain as the ideal nation state are given below :

1. In Britain the formation of the nation state was not the result of sudden revolution. It was the result of a long drawn out process.
2. The primary identities of the people who lived in the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
3.  As the English nation steadily grew in wealth importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the Islands. ’
4. The English Parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688 after a long protracted conflict. Through this parliament a nation state was formed with England at its centre.
5. According to the Act of union (1707) between England and Scotland, the united kingdom of Great Britain was formed.
6. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom in 1801. In this way, a new British nation was formed through the propagation of a dominant English culture.

Question 4. 
Describe the unification of Italy.
' Or
Describe the process of unification of Italy.
 Answer:
of unification of Italy is given below under the following points:
(1) Contribution of Mazzini in the unification of Italy:
Giuseppe Mazzini was bom in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two more underground societies: first ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles in 1831 and then ‘Young Europe’ in Berue in 1833. He proclaimed that “Italy is a nation and must be a nation”.

(2) Contribution of Cavour in the unification of Italy:
Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia Piedmont. He succeeded in getting the military assistance from France through a tactful diplomatic treaty with France in 1858. He was able to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859 with the help of France. As a result of the defeat of Austria, Austria agreed to give Lombardi to Sardinia Piedmont. Later on, Modena, Parma and Tuskany were also incorporated in Sardinia Piedmont.

(3) Contribution of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy:
Garibaldi was a great freedom fighter of Italy. He became a member of the young Italy in 1833 and was arrested for taking part in a republican revolt of Piedmont in 1834. He formed a party of armed volunteers of ‘Red Shirts’. In 1860, he along with armed volunteers of ‘Red Shirts’, attacked Sicily and Naples and captured them. Naples and Sicily were incorporated in Sardinia Piedmont.

(4) Contribution of Victor Emmanuel II in .he unification of Italy:
Victor Emmanuel II was the king of Sardinia-Piedmont In 1861, he was proclaimed king of united Italy. In 1870, a war broke out between France and Prussia. Taking the advantage of this opportunity, Italian forces attacked Rome and captured Rome on 20th September, 1870. Rome was also incorporated in unified Italy in 1870. In this way, the unification of Italy was completed.

Question 5. 
Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Or
Discuss the contribution of Bismarck in the unification of Germany.
Answer:
Unification of Germany The liberal nationalists began their efforts for the unification of Germany from 1815.
(1) Formation of Zollverein:
In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. Zollverein created the feelings of nationalism in German states.

(2) Frankfurt Parliament:
The liberal nationalists in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. But this attempt was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military supported by the large landowners of Prussia. On 18th May, 1848, 831 elected represen-tatives took their seats in the Frankfurt parliament. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The deputies offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of Prussia, he rejected it and began to oppose the elected assembly. Thus the attempt to unite the German states became unsuccessful.

(3) Contribution of Bismarck:
Otto Von Bismarck was the chief minister of Prussia. He was the architect of the process of unification of Germany carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. He adopted the policy of ‘Iron and Blood’ defeated Denmark, Austria and France during a period of seven years. Thus the process of unification was completed in 1871. In January, 1871, the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German emperor. On Jan., 18, 1871, the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed.